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Consistent estimators of change and state becomes an issue when sample data come from a mix of permanent and temporary observation units. A joint maximum likelihood estimator of state and change creates estimates of state that depend on antecedent viz. posterior survey results and may differ from estimates of state derived from a single-date analysis of the sample data. A constrained estimator of change in relative categorical frequencies that eliminates this potential inconsistency is proposed and a model based estimator of their sampling variance is developed. The performance of the constrained estimator is quantified against six criteria and a joint maximum likelihood estimator in simulated sampling from 15 populations with three combinations of permanent and temporary samples, four to six categorical class attributes, and constant size between sampling dates. Bias of the constrained estimators was negligible but larger than for joint maximum likelihood estimators. Mean absolute deviations and variances of constrained estimators were generally at par with the joint estimators. Constrained estimators of root mean square errors and achieved coverage of nominal confidence intervals of constrained estimators were occasionally better. A generalized variance function for the constrained estimates of change is provided as a computational shortcut. 相似文献
3.
Liu Rui Zhou Qixing Zhang Lanying Guo Hao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China》2007,1(1):114-119
To make a comprehensive assessment on monosodium glutamate (MSG) wastewater pollution, a pollution exposure experiment was
carried out on the seed germination and root elongation of wheat, Chinese cabbage and tomato by using the wastewater discharged
from different processing phases of MSG production. The results showed that there were significantly positive linear relationships
between the inhibitory rates of wheat seed germination and root elongation and the CODcr of the mother liquor scraps. The toxicity of MSG wastewater to the test crops was in the order of tomato > Chinese cabbage
> wheat, indicating that tomato was the most sensitive to the wastewater, and could be considered as an ideal toxic bioindicator.
The half-effect concentrations (IC50) based on the seed germination and root elongation of the test crops exposed to the wastewater discharged from various processing
phases of MSG production was 22.0–32 432 and 17.3–3320 mg/L, respectively.
Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1286–1290 [译自: 应用生态学报] 相似文献
4.
介绍由一级动力学模式推导废水处理实用公式。文中探讨了20℃降解速率系数K20和温度修正系数θ,仅是某种水质和生化条件下的对应值,不能任意通用。 相似文献
5.
通过对元宝山露天矿疏干水现存问题的探讨 ,对问题成因进行分析 ,找出解决问题的的具体办法 ,为露天疏干水建设提供模型 相似文献
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SBR法运行控制工艺研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
SBR法是一种具有独特的优点的废水生物处理工艺,但至今还没有一套公认的运行控制工艺,本文从SBR法的启动,充水时间及反应时间的确定,模糊控制,目标控制操作等几方面对SBR工艺的运行控制做了评述,并对其今后的研究方向做了展望。 相似文献
8.
为了实现东北地区低温(5~6℃)高铁、锰、氨氮(TFe:9~15mg/L,Fe2+:6~12mg/L,NH3-N:1.4~2.0mg/L,Mn2+:1.4~2.0mg/L)地下水的净化及解决同层净化中运行稳定性差、出水锰超标的问题,在水厂净化车间开展“两级曝气+两级过滤”工艺启动研究,采用差滤速和同滤速2种启动方式分别启动两级生物净化工艺.结果表明,2种启动方式分别在106,59d启动成功.同滤速启动可以有效的缩短两级生物净化的启动时间,铁、锰、氨氮去除负荷可达110.69,18.80,19.54g/(m2·h),沿程分析发现,铁在一级滤柱的60cm处即被去除至痕量;85.08%的氨氮在一级滤柱中去除,沿程各段去除均匀,14.92%的氨氮在二级滤柱中去除;锰的去除率和氧化活性去除区位受滤速及进水氨氮浓度影响较大,33.72%的锰在一级滤柱中去除,66.28%的锰在二级滤柱中去除,锰的去除仍然是滤池成熟的决定性因素. 相似文献
9.
The fetal heart rate (FHR) was continuously monitored during 42 umbilical vessel punctures performed at the placental insertion of the cord in 24 diagnostic fetoscopies in which pure fetal blood was obtained. In only one patient did a deceleration first appear during puncture and aspiration of fetal blood. In two patients decelerations preceded fetoscopy and in two others they began during the fetoscopy but before puncture of an umbilical vessel. In 19 patients, the FHR did not change at all during the procedure. Fetal haemorrhage after sampling was either absent or minimal. Six pregnancies were terminated because a positive diagnosis had been made and 18 healthy babies were born. Umbilical cords were examined after 7 terminations of pregnancy and after 6 deliveries. In the former group the puncture could just be seen with the naked eye and the needle track was demonstrated histologically in 6. No traces of the puncture or other abnormalities were found in the cords after delivery. Fetal blood sampling from umbilical cord vessels, particularly at the placental insertion of the cord, is the technique of choice since pure fetal blood can be obtained without increasing the risk of fetoscopy. 相似文献
10.