Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey

Effects of space heating on atmospheric concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of PAHs were investigated in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey. The average concentrations of ∑₁₅-PAHs in heating season samples were approximately 10 times higher than those of non-heating season samples. The plot of log K_p versus log P_L⁰ for all the data set gave significantly different slopes. The slope for the heating season (−0.75) samples was steeper than the one for the non-heating season (−0.64) samples. It was also observed that partitioning of PAHs for the non-heating season samples showed different characteristics depending on air parcel trajectories. Generally steeper slopes were obtained for the air parcels traveled across the Black sea and arrived to the sampling site from northern sector. On the other hand, the variations in slopes according to air mass origin were insignificant for the heating season samples. Local contributions from space heating are the reason for this observation.     

辽河流域畜禽养殖污染源仿真研究

随着国家对流域水质改善要求的逐渐提高,流域污染源管理变得日益重要。提出了一种基于CPNTOOLS的辽河流域畜禽养殖行业污染源仿真技术,并采用CPNTOOLS软件对辽河流域内一家典型畜禽养殖基地进行了仿真研究,经过多次仿真与数据统计分析,分别得出了该畜禽养殖基地的CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN日排放量的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间,并结合排水量分别计算出各污染物指标排放浓度的区间。结合BAT处理技术对污染物浓度削减进行了计算仿真,并得出了处理后CODCr,BOD5,NH3-N,TP,TN排放浓度的正态分布均值在90%,95%,99%置信水平下的置信区间以及排放浓度的极大值和极小值。     

利用酒糟生产饲料蛋白的菌种选育

为了提高酒糟蛋白质的含量和粗纤维的降解,本研究选菌种３０株,以白酒糟为原料筛选出优质饲料蛋白菌株８５０２,８５０３和８５０５三株。用微生物液体发酵法,经研究发现,以８５０３和８５０５组成的多菌发酵体系,使酒糟初始蛋白含量由２３．０％。     

畜禽养殖中沙门氏菌污染的PCR快速检测

针对畜禽养殖是造成农村水环境生物性污染的主要原因,指出用常规生化检测技术耗时长、效率低,不能满足环境管理的要求：应用PCR技术检测沙门氏菌,特异性高、敏感性强、耗时短,与常规分离鉴定方法比较,完全符合实验证明,PCR技术可很好的应用于沙门氏菌污染的调查与监测。     

Spatial Patterns of Breeding Success of Grizzly Bears Derived from Hierarchical Multistate Models

Conservation programs often manage populations indirectly through the landscapes in which they live. Empirically, linking reproductive success with landscape structure and anthropogenic change is a first step in understanding and managing the spatial mechanisms that affect reproduction, but this link is not sufficiently informed by data. Hierarchical multistate occupancy models can forge these links by estimating spatial patterns of reproductive success across landscapes. To illustrate, we surveyed the occurrence of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Alberta, Canada. We deployed camera traps for 6 weeks at 54 surveys sites in different types of land cover. We used hierarchical multistate occupancy models to estimate probability of detection, grizzly bear occupancy, and probability of reproductive success at each site. Grizzly bear occupancy varied among cover types and was greater in herbaceous alpine ecotones than in low‐elevation wetlands or mid‐elevation conifer forests. The conditional probability of reproductive success given grizzly bear occupancy was 30% (SE = 0.14). Grizzly bears with cubs had a higher probability of detection than grizzly bears without cubs, but sites were correctly classified as being occupied by breeding females 49% of the time based on raw data and thus would have been underestimated by half. Repeated surveys and multistate modeling reduced the probability of misclassifying sites occupied by breeders as unoccupied to <2%. The probability of breeding grizzly bear occupancy varied across the landscape. Those patches with highest probabilities of breeding occupancy—herbaceous alpine ecotones—were small and highly dispersed and are projected to shrink as treelines advance due to climate warming. Understanding spatial correlates in breeding distribution is a key requirement for species conservation in the face of climate change and can help identify priorities for landscape management and protection. Patrones Espaciales del Éxito Reproductivo de Osos Pardos, Derivados de Modelos Jerárquicos Multi‐Estado     

一种新的汛期降水集中期划分方法

汛期降水集中期是近期气象学者提出的表征汛期气候的一种新的特征量,它在气候研究中体现了较好的灵活性、客观性,通过对其分析,可为汛期气候的诊断和预测提供依据。但现在普遍使用的降水集中期在计算方法和时间长度上存在缺陷,特别是运用到时间跨度较长时段的气候分析时,特征量表征作用就有所缺失,而且计算方法较为复杂。为更好地使用降水集中期这一特征量,提出了以15天作为时长,用滑动统计来划定汛期降水集中期的新方法,并运用统计方法、天气气候学方法进行了论证,同时在长江下游主雨季降水集中期分析和金华地区汛期分析两个实例中进行了应用检验。结果表明,汛期降水集中期新方法划定的特征量与汛期降水总量存在时间上的相对独立性和总趋势上的显著相关性,且在汛期气候极端灾害事件上有较强的描述能力。因此认为,15天滑动统计新方法划定的汛期降水集中期使用便捷,天气气候意义明确,在实际应用中更为客观有效。     

骆马湖水体氮污染特征分析

2005年通过对骆马湖水质监测，并结合近几年的监测资料进行了分析，结果表明，氮是骆马湖水体的主要污染物，包括总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮，其主要特征是入湖河流、降水、围网养殖和点源带来的污染。     

分形理论在三峡水库汛期洪水分期中的应用

水库分期汛限水位控制能在不增加新的防洪风险条件下提高水库的兴利效益,汛期洪水的划分则是分期汛限水位控制的前提.介绍了分形理论及容量维数的计算方法,以三峡水库宜昌站为例,利用传统统计学法和动态分维数法,确定了洪水分期数目,并计算了各分期的容量维数,从而最终确定三峡水库的洪水分期.结果显示,用分形方法划分的三峡水库的汛期洪水和传统研究分期基本一致,但分形理论计算较为客观,进一步表明分形理论在洪水分期中是可行的,值得深入探讨和应用.     

河南省汛期极端降水事件分析

利用河南1961～2006年50个气象站台站汛期（6～8月份）逐日降水量资料，定义95%降水分位数为极端降水事件的阈值，建立不同站近46年汛期极端降水事件发生频次的时间序列。在此基础上采用趋势分析、最大熵谱分析等统计技术方法，对河南降水事件发生频次的空间分布及年际变化特点进行了分析。结果表明：空间变化上总体具有北多南少的特点，而且汛期降水量的比重与极端降水事件发生频次的高低存在着很好的一致性；空间分布上主要有全省一致型、西北 东南型、南阳盆地型和中部分布型等4种类型，其中全省一致分布型为最主要的空间模态；年际变化趋势各地有所不同，豫西、豫南区为减少趋势，而豫中、豫北、豫东和豫西南区表现为增加趋势，而且在振荡形态上各有同异，以2~8年和10年左右的年代际变化最为普遍。     

人工湿地沟壕系统中硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落特征研究

硝酸盐异化还原成铵（Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium，DNRA）过程，是将易损失的NO₃^--N转化为NH₄⁺-N，而被植物或微生物重新吸收利用，从而有助于湿地沉积物的氮保留.本研究选取石臼漾人工湿地冬、夏两季沟壕中心、边缘表层沉积物，采用高通量测序等分析方法，研究了DNRA细菌群落结构特征.研究结果表明：在空间尺度上，沟壕中心DNRA细菌丰度高于沟壕边缘，分别为（2.26±1.19）×10⁹和（1.22±1.46）×10⁹ copies·g^-1.在时间尺度上，冬夏两季样品中DNRA细菌丰度具有显著性差异（p<0.05）.多样性分析表明，沟壕中心沉积物的DNRA群落丰富度高于沟壕边缘.所有样品中占比最高的DNRA属为Caldilinea（69.75%±3.64%）、Anaeromyxobacter（66.41%±1.19%）.Caldilinea属在夏季样品的占比（39.78%±5.15%）高于冬季样品（29.98%±0.57%），而Anaeromyxobacter属在沟壕中心的占比（35.14%±0.83%）高于沟壕边缘（31.28%±0.76%），且小沟（34.33%±1.40%）高于大沟（32.08%±1.33%）.主坐标分析（PcoA）结果表明，DNRA细菌群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.DNRA细菌丰度与有机质（TOM）、碳氮比（C/N）和含水率（MC）显著相关.本研究揭示了人工湿地沉积物中DNRA细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与环境因子的关系.