Global trends and development of energy services industry in China

Energy service is an effective way to promote energy conservation by market mechanisms, including energy saving services, energy procurement, supply of many varieties of energy, supply of renewable energy technologies, energy-related consulting services, risk management, etc. China is a major energy consumer but energy is in short supply, and the efficiency of energy use is low. China’s energy service industry has expanded rapidly, in terms of both the number of new Energy Service Companies entering the market and amount of capital invested in Energy Performance Contracting projects, but the energy service sector in China is still at an early stage of development. Developed countries began early in developing the energy service sector and their energy service market is mature, and the experience of developed countries shows that energy services play a significant role in advancing energy saving and emission reduction. Under the new situation, China needs combine energy services experience of developed countries, and take following measures to accelerate China’s energy services rapid and healthy development, including the long-term aspects of policy planning, energy-saving core technology, finance and capital investment, public sector reductions, personnel training, and so on.     

Cracking the Achilles’ heel of energy performance contracting projects: the credit risk identification method for clients

ABSTRACT

A credit risk identification model is established to examine the credit status of Energy performance contracting (EPC) project clients (i.e., energy-using companies) in China based on rough set theory. The model is verified with data from 120 listed companies at different times. Study shows that lack of credit is one of the main obstacles to the implementation of EPC projects, and information asymmetry is the main reason for this lack of credit among potential clients in China. The credit risk identification method based on rough set theory can make up for the shortcomings of existing EPC projects in terms of credit risk identification, including redundant information and indicators, and unclear decision rules. Credit risk identification indicators of clients are dynamic. The research results can help energy service companies (ESCOs) determine the credit status of clients, facilitate cooperation between ESCOs and clients, and help explain the various dynamics of clients’ credit risk identification indicators over time.     

合同能源管理模式的中美比较研究

节约能源,降低能耗对于环境保护具有重要的意义。长期以来,中国节能多依靠政府的强制命令,企业缺少自觉节能的动力。合同能源管理是一种市场化的节能新机制,在90年代引入中国。这种新机制在不增加政府财政开支的前提下,通过市场来实现节约能源控制污染的目的,同时可促进成熟节能技术的推广,提高整个社会福利。合同能源管理这种节能新模式在美国已经发展了30多年,中关合同能源管理在政策、技术和行业标准等方面存在着各种差异,同时在中国不同地区和不同行业间也存在着差别,通过比较分析指出了促进中国合同能源管理发展时需注意的问题并提出了相关的措施。     

Examining strategic sustainability plans and smart-growth land-use measures in California cities

Given many potential obstacles, what types of strategic plans and measures for climate protection and/or energy sustainability are more likely than others to be adopted by cities? What are the key internal and external obstacles to adopting and implementing these plans and measures? Based on data obtained from a survey conducted from 2010 to 2011 and other sources, this paper develops a framework derived from political contracting theory and strategic orientation literature to examine how public management obstacles, socio-economic factors, and political factors influence a city's likelihood of having strategic energy sustainability plans and measures in place. Moreover, this paper finds that many California cities remain reluctant to require residents and businesses to comply with more challenging sustainability measures, such as smart-growth land-use practices, and that those cities with a strategic energy sustainability plan already in place tend to be more willing to adopt smart-growth land-use measures.     

筒形件热收口可控内形技术研究

针对筒形件毛坯热收口工艺材料损耗大,100%修内弧的现状,首次提出用内喇叭外园柱收口坯代替原内圆柱外预制槽坯的新的收口坯料设计方案,用计算机有限元模拟了筒形件热收口的变形过程,进行了工艺优化和工艺验证试验。采用可控内形技术实现了筒形件毛坯热收口不修内弧或少修内弧的目的。     

Forest Restoration and Forest Communities: Have Local Communities Benefited from Forest Service Contracting of Ecosystem Management?

Conservation-based development programs have sought to create economic opportunities for people negatively impacted by biological diversity protection. The USDA Forest Service, for example, developed policies and programs to create contracting opportunities for local communities to restore public lands to replace jobs lost from reduced timber harvest. This article examines 12 years of Forest Service land management contracting in western Oregon, Washington, and northern California to evaluate if contractors located in communities near national forests have been awarded more land management contracts and contract value over time. We find that land management contracting spending has declined dramatically and, once we control for intervening factors, we find that local contractors have received a smaller proportion of land management contracts over time.     

QHSE管理体系在总承包项目管理中的应用探讨

从QHSE管理体系的相关概念出发,分析了如何建立QHSE管理体系和项目的QHSE管理制度,结合工程公司总承包项目的特点,对QHSE管理体系在设计、采购、施工、试运行等项目实施各阶段管理中的应用进行了探讨。     

安全心理学在工程总承包企业安全管理中的应用探索

从安全心理学角度,系统分析工程总承包企业安全管理现状,肯定了工程总承包企业在安全管理工作中取得的成绩,也指出了安全管理中存在的主要问题。最后将安全心理学与工程总承包企业生产实际系统结合,阐述如何从构建员工安全心理分析系统、合理划分责权利、完善安全培训模式、优化工作条件和环境4个方面入手来提升工程总承包企业的安全管理水平。     

我国合同能源管理制度创新机制研究

节能减排是建设"环境友好型、资源节约型"社会进程中的核心问题之一。相对于"控制、命令"型的政府主导的节能模式,运用市场化机制促进节能的合同能源管理模式具有其独特的资源配置优势。我国合同能源管理近年来虽有较大的发展,但在信用体系建设、融资平台建设、能效评估体制和政府采购制度等诸多方面存在改进空间。     

Combining Auctions and Performance‐Based Payments in a Forest Enrichment Field Trial in Western Kenya

Cost‐effectiveness is an important aspect in the assessment of payments for environmental services (PES) initiatives. In participatory field trials with communities in Western Kenya, we combined procurement auctions for forest enrichment contracts with performance‐based payments and compared the outcomes with a baseline scenario currently used by the Kenyan Forest Service. Procurement auctions were the most cost‐effective. The competitive nature of the auction reduced contracting expenses (provision costs), and the result‐oriented payments provided additional incentives to care for the planted seedlings, resulting in their improved survival rates (service quantity). These gains clearly exceeded increases in transaction costs associated with conducting an auction. The number of income‐poor auction participants and winners was disproportionately high and local institutional buy‐in was remarkably strong. Our participatory approach may, however, require adaptations when conducted at a larger scale. Although the number of contracts we monitored was limited and prohibited the use of statistical tests, our study is one of the first to reveal the benefits of using auctions for PES in developing countries. Combinando Subastas y Pagos Basados en Desempeño en un Ensayo de Campo de Enriquecimiento de Bosques en el Oeste de Kenia