Dissipation of Endosulfan and Dichlorvos Residues In/On Cauliflower Curds

Dissipation behaviour of endosulfan and dichlorvos in/on cauliflower, variety Snowball-16, was studied during rabi season (Sep.–March) 2003–2004. Endosulfan and dichlorvos were sprayed @ 350 and 110g a.i. with 115 g a.i., respectively, 80 days after transplanting. Samples were taken at the interval of 0 (1h after spray), 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after spray (DAS) in triplicate and residues were estimated on GC-ECD system equipped with capillary column. The initial deposits of 3.452 and 0.295μgg⁻¹ of endosulfan and dichlorvos dissipated to 0.084 (97.56%) and 0.009 (96.95%), respectively after 10 DAS. Residues of endosulfan reached below maximum residue limit of 2μgg⁻¹ one day after spray and of dichlorvos were below MRL value of 0.5μgg⁻¹ even on 0 day. Dissipation pattern followed first order kinetics for both the insecticides with half life periods of 1.81 and 2.08 days for endosulfan and dichlorvos, respectively.     

Photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos using TiO2 supported on hollow glass microbeads

In this paper, a method for TiO₂ supported on hollow glass microbeads was described and the feasibility of photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos using supported TiO₂(TiO₂/beads) was studied. The results showed that 1.0×10^-4 mol.dm^-3 of dichlovos could be completely photocatalytically degraded into PO₄^3- after 120 min illumination with a 375 W medium pressure mercury lamp. The effects of the amount of TiO₂/beads and concentration of Cu²⁺ on the photocatalytic degradation were also investigated. Some intemediate products of photocatalytic degradation of dichlorvos were detected.     

应用物种敏感性分布评价敌敌畏对淡水生物的生态风险

敌敌畏是一类重要的有机磷杀虫剂,但其对水生生态的影响至今研究较少。为了评价其生态风险,构建了淡水水生生物对敌敌畏的物种敏感性分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,在此基础上,讨论了影响SSD模型的主要因素;并分析了该模型的不确定性;推导了敌敌畏对不同类别生物的5%危害浓度HC5(hazardous concentration for 5%the species)阈值;整理收集了我国重要流域水体中敌敌畏的环境浓度;结合SSD模型计算了对淡水生物的潜在影响比例(potentially affected fraction,PAF)。结果表明:1)不同模型的选择会影响HC5的结果,且Burr III模型拟合结果较好,推导的HC5值为0.37μg·L-1;2)无脊椎动物在敌敌畏低浓度范围内的敏感性明显高于脊椎动物。甲壳类动物与昆虫和蜘蛛类相似,敏感度较高,鱼类则较低;3)应用Burr III模型构建SSD时,参数k值对HC5最为敏感,蒙特卡罗随机模拟得到HC5变化范围为0.05~40.57μg·L-1,均值为5.07μg·L-1;4)敌敌畏对我国淡水生态影响较小,PAF均低于1%,其中黄河和太湖流域敌敌畏的生态风险高于其他河流湖泊,珠江口和南海北部较低。上述研究结果为评价敌敌畏对全国不同水体水生生物的潜在生态风险提供了科学依据。     

有机膨润土对敌敌畏的吸附性能研究

采用批量平衡实验,研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)改性的有机膨润土及原土对有机磷农药DDVP的吸附性能,并考察了pH、温度以及CaCl<,2>浓度对吸附的影响.结果表明,改性膨润土对水中DDVP的去除能力优于原土,并且吸附量随着改性剂量的增加而增大,即1.0CEC>0.6CEC>0.3CEC>0...     

东江流域敌敌畏的排放量估算及归趋模拟

农药的持续使用,使流域环境污染十分普遍,对其污染水平进行评估很有必要.相比传统的监测手段,与GIS结合的模型作为评估手段具有显著的优势,但是由于农药应用情景及相关排放量的数据不易获得,对流域农药的模拟评估造成了阻碍.本研究建立了一种农药排放量估算的方法,基于流域内作物种植情况及农药施用标准,通过使用情境分析和数学推演,可获得不同子流域单元的输入量;并以此为源输入数据,使用半分布式流域水文模型——SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）模型,以敌敌畏在东江流域为例进行模拟.模型的验证结果显示,模拟浓度与监测结果的差异值绝大多数在一个数量级以内,表明基于源输入估算的SWAT模型可有效评估流域农药的环境归趋.模拟结果表明,流域敌敌畏每年的排放量占到使用量的3.72%,河道内的降解等反应损失达2.35%.东江流域多数河段敌敌畏的质量浓度超过0.1 μg·L^-1,其污染需引起关注.     

天然沸石负载TiO2光催化降解敌敌畏和对硫磷

以钛酸丁酯为原料,以天然沸石作载体负载TiO2制备光催化剂;并采用高压汞灯为光源,用负载型TiO2光催化降解敌敌畏和对硫磷.结果表明,浓度为1.2×10-4mol/L的农药光照2 h左右可完全被光催化氧化为PO3-4.同时,还研究了合成光催化剂的处理温度、溶液的初始pH值、过氧化氢浓度等对负载TiO2光催化降解的影响.     

Removal of mixed pesticides from drinking water system by photodegradation using suspended and immobilized TiO2

Lindane (1α, 2α, 3β, 4α, 5α, 6β-hexachloro cyclohexane), methyl parathion (O,O-dimethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) and dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl-O-O-dimethyl phosphate) are removed from water individually and as a mixture by photo degradation using suspended and immobilized forms of TiO₂ (Degussa P-25). Studies were conducted to optimize the coating thickness of immobilized photo catalyst. The rate of degradation of pesticides was compared in both suspended and immobilized TiO₂ systems. Degradation studies of mixed pesticides were carried out with low concentrations (1.0 and 2.5 mg/L) of pesticides. Only three intermediate byproducts such as methyl paraoxon, O,O,O-trimethyl phosphonic thionate and p-nitrophenol were observed during the methyl parathion degradation in suspended, immobilized TiO₂ systems and mixed pesticides degradation studies. At the end of the reaction methyl parathion and its by-products were completely degraded. During lindane degradation hexachloro cyclohexane, pentachloro cyclohexane, hexachloro benzene, 1-hydroxy 2,3,4,5,6-chlorocyclohexane, 1-hydroxy 2,3,4,5,6-chlorobenzene, pentachloro cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5-hydroxy cyclopentene and 1,2,3-hydroxy cyclobutane were identified in suspended and immobilized TiO₂ systems, whereas only hexachloro cyclohexane, pentachloro cyclohexane, hexachloro benzene and pentachloro cyclopentadiene were observed during mixed pesticides degradation. No intermediate by-product was observed during the photo degradation of dichlorvos. Langmuir-Hinshelwood pseudo first order kinetic equation showed that there was not much change in the rates of degradation in both suspended and immobilized TiO₂ systems irrespective of the pesticide. During mixed pesticides degradation, the degradation pattern was not similar to that of single pesticide.     

杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性影响

采用静态换水法研究了杀虫剂敌敌畏（dichlorvos，DDVP）对黑眶蟾蜍（Bufo melanostictus）蝌蚪的急性毒性和生长发育、生理活动的影响．结果表明，DDVP对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪的96h半数致死浓度（LC50，96h）为51．61mg／L．暴露于2．24mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低24．9％和9．5％，并引起黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带数和强弱发生改变，抑制了蝌蚪的酯酶同工酶活性，而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）比活受到的影响相对较小．暴露于6．72mg／L的DDVP溶液中10d和20d，蝌蚪的体长日增长率分别降低27．0％和38．8％，酯酶同工酶（EST）酶带的强弱发生明显的改变，SOD酶比活明显低于对照组．说明杀虫剂敌敌畏对黑眶蟾蜍蝌蚪可造成一定的毒性影响．图2表4参22     

铜、镉、敌敌畏和甲胺磷对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用

在恒温和充气条件下,研究了重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)对南美白对虾的亚急性毒性作用及对虾体胆碱酯酶的影响.结果表明:南美白对虾幼虾在各浓度重金属(铜、镉)和有机磷农药(敌敌畏、甲胺磷)试液中经过60d的亚急性中毒试验,除铜在低浓度促进生长外,其他各组体长、体重及蜕皮次数均小于对照组,且随毒物浓度的增加而逐渐降低;有机磷农药对南美白对虾体内胆碱酯酶具有显著影响,虾体内胆碱酯酶含量随水体中有机磷农药浓度的升高而显著降低;重金属对胆碱酯酶也有一定影响,胆碱酯酶随重金属离子浓度升高也有逐渐降低的趋势,但重金属对胆碱酯酶的影响效果没有有机磷农药显著.     

敌敌畏对鲫鱼的急性毒性及类球红细菌的解毒作用(Acute Toxicity of Dichlorvos to Carassius auratus and the Detoxification by Rhodobacter sphaeroides)

敌敌畏是使用最为广泛的有机磷农药之一,具有较高的水溶性,对水生动物的危害较大.为初步探讨水体中敌敌畏降解菌对中毒鱼类的解毒作用,测定了敌敌畏对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼的急性毒性,调查了一株敌敌畏高效降解菌——类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides)的解毒作用.结果表明:敌敌畏对鲫鱼幼鱼48、72、96h的LC50分别为45.1、30.4、23.3mg·L-1,安全浓度为2.3mg·L-1,属低毒农药.在不同敌敌畏暴露浓度的养鱼水中添加类球红细菌(5×107CFU·mL-1)可以显著降低鲫鱼的死亡率,20mg·L-1和35mg·L-1敌敌畏暴露浓度下,鲫鱼96h死亡率分别由40%和100%降低至0和15%;利用液相色谱检测了敌敌畏在添加和不添加类球红细菌的养鱼水中的降解规律,发现类球红细菌的解毒作用主要是对水中敌敌畏的快速降解,降解过程中没有积累有毒代谢产物.