抗生素制药废水的处理

锦州九泰制药废水属于不易生化类废水，废水量1000m^3/d，污水站总投资140万元。本文阐述了该工程的水质、预处理、生化处理工艺、活性污泥的培养与驯化及运行效果与设计特点。     

生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体微生物特性研究

在生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体中,采用SBR法对活性污泥进行驯化,考查生物滴滤塔处理制革恶臭气体中微生物的特性。研究了微生物对氨氮和硫化物的去除效率以及驯化过程中污泥容积指数(SVI)的变化,并对挂膜后填料表面的微生物相进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明:经过19 d的驯化,微生物对氨氮和硫化物的去除率分别可以达到98.29%和94.16%,驯化期间污泥容积指数均保持在正常的范围之中。挂膜14 d的扫描电镜显示,填料表面有均匀的生物膜分布,说明微生物在填料上已经挂膜成功,驯化的微生物可以达到去除制革恶臭气体的要求。     

蚯蚓生物滤池启动驯化阶段蚯蚓生理生态适应性研究

研究了蚯蚓生物滤池在启动驯化阶段蚯蚓的生理生态状态变化,并分析了相关影响因素.结果表明,由于受到自然环境和滤池环境的胁迫,蚯蚓投加后数量和生物量出现逐渐下降的趋势.一旦条件适宜,幼蚓的孵化可以补充滤池内蚯蚓的数量和生物量.随着温度的升高,周边的蚯蚓逐渐向布水区移动,投加58d后蚯蚓分布较为均匀.蚯蚓密度和含水率之间存在着极显著负相关.温度、日平均降水量和降水强度积分3个自然影响因子对蚯蚓各生态指标的影响均不显著.温度低于15℃时,蚯蚓呼吸率变化较为敏感,出现大幅度下降,不利于蚯蚓代谢处理污水污泥.在一定范围内,采取措施提高滤池内蚯蚓的密度并使蚯蚓分布均匀将提高污泥的处理效率.     

短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的同步驯化

本实验对3组同规格SBR反应器分别采用分阶段法（A/O-A/O/A）异步驯化、连续曝气A/OA同步驯化和间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化的方式运行.以人工配水为进水基质,接种絮状污泥,通过水力选择压颗粒化,探讨了不同运行方式下短程硝化反硝化颗粒污泥的驯化及脱氮除磷特性.结果表明,在较短曝气时长（140 min）联合较低曝气强度［3.5 L·（h·L）^-1］下,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化最具优势,后期稳定运行期间碳、氮、磷的平均去除率分别为90.74%、91.15%和95.66%,可实现同步去除.粒径为895μm,颗粒虽小但均匀致密,f值（MLVSS/MLSS）平稳保持在0.8~0.85,有较高的生物量,这是由于间歇曝气下好/缺氧的交替运行,使得缺氧异养菌作为颗粒的核心,有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定.批次实验结果表明,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化下比氨氧化速率为3.38 mg·（g·h）^-1,能利用NO₂^-为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）占比达65.46%,更有利于氨氧化菌（AOB）和NO₂^-型DPAOs的同步驯化及富集,保证稳定的处理效果.     

厌氧生物膜法处理聚酯废水投加城市厌氧污泥的启动

将市政污水处理厂消化池中的厌氧污泥投入处理化工高浓度废水的厌氧反应器中进行厌氧菌的驯化工作 ,重点研究了在此过程中进、出水CODCr、pH、VFA(挥发性有机酸 )、污泥的变化情况及相互联系     

盐度对中试厌氧氨氧化脱氮特性的影响及其恢复动力学

采用中试ASBR反应器(530 L),以逐步提高Cl~-浓度的方式考察了厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)处理高盐废水的脱氮特性.结果表明,采用逐步盐度驯化的方式,An AOB可适应高盐度(Cl~-浓度10 000 mg·L~(-1))环境进行高效脱氮(TN去除率高达92. 3%).其中,在Cl~-浓度6 000 mg·L~(-1)和10 000 mg·L~(-1)两个梯度内,反应器脱氮性能受到了较大影响,但随着驯化过程的持续进行可逐步恢复.修正的Boltzmann模型能较为准确地拟合An AOB受到不同盐度抑制后的活性恢复过程,相关系数R~2均在0. 96以上.得到的Cl~-浓度6 000 mg·L~(-1)和10 000 mg·L~(-1)时的恢复中间值tc分别为28. 765 d和44. 495 d,NRRmax分别为0. 145 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0. 212 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),NRRmin分别为0. 021 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和0. 085 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).高盐度驯化后,厌氧氨氧化菌仍主要为Candidatus Brocadia和Candidatus Jettenia(其丰度分别是14. 76%和2. 7%),且污泥颗粒化程度和污泥密度均有不同程度的提高,污泥呈红褐色.     

Science-practice interactions linked to climate adaptation in two contexts: municipal planning and forestry in Sweden

This paper examines the science-practice interface in the process of adapting to climate change in society. This paper analyses science-based stakeholder dialogues with climate scientists, municipal officers and private individual forest owners in Sweden, and examines how local experts both share scientific knowledge and experience and integrate it into their work strategies and practices. The results demonstrate how local experts jointly conceptualise climate adaptation, how scientific knowledge is domesticated among local experts in dialogue with scientific experts, the emergence of anchoring devices, and the boundary-spanning functions that are at work in the respective sectors.     

应用RAPD方法分析厌氧氨氧化污泥驯化过程中的微生物遗传性质

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法研究了厌氧氨氧化污泥驯化过程中微生物遗传多样性的变化,并对接种物不同的3个反应器中的微生物作了聚类分析.在污泥驯化培养过程中,3个反应器内的微生物发生了较明显的遗传变异,以缺氧污泥接种的反应器中微生物在驯化过程中的Nei基因多样性指数和Shannon信息指数均较高,遗传变异较大.硝化污泥中存在与厌氧氨氧化细菌亲缘关系较近的菌种,更适宜作为接种物驯化培养厌氧氨氧化细菌.以好氧污泥作为种泥启动反应器,通过培养硝化污泥再转入厌氧氨氧化驯化,这种驯化途径优于以缺氧污泥和厌氧污泥启动反应器的途径.     

Estimates of Natural Selection in a Salmon Population in Captive and Natural Environments

Abstract:  Captive breeding is a commonly used strategy for species conservation. One risk of captive breeding is domestication selection—selection for traits that are advantageous in captivity but deleterious in the wild. Domestication selection is of particular concern for species that are bred in captivity for many generations and that have a high potential to interbreed with wild populations. Domestication is understood conceptually at a broad level, but relatively little is known about how natural selection differs empirically between wild and captive environments. We used genetic parentage analysis to measure natural selection on time of migration, weight, and morphology for a coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) population that was subdivided into captive and natural components. Our goal was to determine whether natural selection acting on the traits we measured differed significantly between the captive and natural environments. For males, larger individuals were favored in both the captive and natural environments in all years of the study, indicating that selection on these traits in captivity was similar to that in the wild. For females, selection on weight was significantly stronger in the natural environment than in the captive environment in 1 year and similar in the 2 environments in 2 other years. In both environments, there was evidence of selection for later time of return for both males and females. Selection on measured traits other than weight and run timing was relatively weak. Our results are a concrete example of how estimates of natural selection during captivity can be used to evaluate this common risk of captive breeding programs.     

Can natural behavior be cultivated? The farm as local human/animal culture

Although the notion of natural behavior occurs in many policy-making and legal documents on animal welfare, no consensus has been reached concerning its definition. This paper argues that one reason why the notion resists unanimously accepted definition is that natural behavior is not properly a biological concept, although it aspires to be one, but rather a philosophical tendency to perceive animal behavior in accordance with certain dichotomies between nature and culture, animal and human, original orders and invented artifacts. The paper scrutinizes the philosophy of natural behavior as it developed in the organic movement in response to a perceived contrast between industrialized and traditional agriculture. There are two reasons for focusing on the organic movement: (i) the emphasis on “the natural” is most accentuated there and has a long history, (ii) everyday life on organic farms presupposes human/animal interplay, which conflicts with the philosophical tendency to separate nature from culture. This mismatch between theory and practice helps us see why, and how, the philosophy of natural behavior needs to be reconsidered. The paper proposes that we understand farms as local human/animal cultures, and asks what we can mean my natural behavior in such contexts. Since domestic animals adapt to agricultural environments via interaction with caretakers, such interplay is analyzed as “hub” in these animals’ natural behavior.