A Study on Transfer Factors of 60Co and 65Zn from Soil to Plants in the Tropical Environment of Bangladesh

Soil to plant transfer factor (TF) of⁶⁰Co and ⁶⁵Zn was determined fromradioisotope experiments on plants grown in pots underoutdoor ambient tropical conditions for three growingseasons (1995–1998). The TFs were obtained fordifferent plants/crops such as, rice, bean, peanutspineapple, cabbage, tomato, spinach and grass. Theaverage TF values of ⁶⁰Co are found to be 0.087,0.15, 0.12, 0.67, 0.28, 0.79, 1.03 and 0.34respectively for the above mentioned plants/crops. Incase of ⁶⁵Zn, the average TF values are found tobe 2.24, 1.17, 0.89, 1.09, 0.78, 1.34, 2.92 and 1.78,respectively, for the above mentioned plants/crops. Thedata will be useful to assess the radiation exposureto man associated with the releases of radionuclidesfrom nuclear facilities by means of radiologicalassessment models that require transfer factors asinput parameters to predict the contamination ofradionuclides in foodchain.     

The effect of catch crops on sulphate leaching and availability of S in the succeeding crop on sandy loam soil in Denmark

Sulphate leaching losses may reduce the long-term possibility of maintaining the S supply of crops in low input farming systems. The ability of catch crops (Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), winter rape (Brassica napus L.) and fodder radish (Raphanus sativus L.)) to reduce soil sulphate concentrations in autumn and make it available to a succeeding crop was investigated in 1996–1998 on sandy loam soil in Denmark. All catch crops reduced soil sulphate concentrations in the autumn compared to bare soil. Especially, the cruciferous catch crops had the ability to deplete efficiently soil sulphate levels and thus, reduce the sulphate leaching potential. The S uptake in aboveground catch crop was 8, 22 and 36 kg S per ha for ryegrass, winter rape and fodder radish, respectively. In the following spring, sulphate levels of the autumn bare soil were low in the top 0.5 m and a peak of sulphate was found at 0.75–1 m depth. In contrast, where a fodder radish catch crop had been grown, high sulphate levels were present in the top 0.5 m, but only small amounts of sulphate were found at 0.5–1.5 m depth. In spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), that followed catch crops, S concentrations at heading and maturity revealed that the availability of soil S increased following winter rape and fodder radish, whereas there were indications that following ryegrass, the S availability was reduced compared to bare soil. This initial study showed that catch crops have a high potential for reducing sulphate leaching and may be used to synchronise S availability with plant demand in a crop rotation.     

Toxic metals in sewage sludge-amended soils: has promotion of beneficial use discounted the risks?

Land application of contaminated waste products has been defended as beneficial use by some scientists and regulators, based on the premise that the behavior of any toxins accumulated in soils from this practice is reasonably well understood and will not have detrimental agronomic or environmental impacts into the foreseeable future. In this review, I use the case of toxic metals in sewage sludges applied to agricultural land to illustrate that metal behavior in soils and plant uptake is difficult to generalize because it is strongly dependent on the nature of the metal, sludge, soil properties and crop. Nevertheless, permitted agricultural loadings of toxic metals from sewage sludges are typically regulated using the sole criterion of total metal loading or concentrations in soils. Several critical generalizing assumptions about the behavior of sludge-borne metals in soil-crop systems, built into the US EPA risk assessment for metals, have tended to underestimate risks and are shown not to be well justified by published research. It is argued that, in the absence of a basic understanding of metal behavior in each specific situation, a more precautionary approach to toxic metal additions to soils is warranted.     

重金属对农作物的影响初探

随着工农业的发展,重金属对农作物的影响日益严重.本文选取农作物中有代表性的一种-萝卜做为实验材料,研究的就是在不同浓度的重金属的影响下,萝卜的生长状况.通过所做的硝酸还原酶活性实验、过氧化物酶实验,针对重金属在生态系统中对农作物的影响问题,做了一个早期的、比较完整的分析.     

A framework to assess regional environmental impacts of dedicated energy crop production

Numerous studies have evaluated air quality and greenhouse gas mitigation benefits of biomass energy systems, but the potential environmental impacts associated with large-scale changes in land-use patterns needed to produce energy crops have not been quantified. This paper presents a framework to assess the potential soil, water, and biodiversity impacts that may result from the large-scale production of dedicated energy crops. The framework incorporates producer economic decision models with environmental models to assess changes in land use patterns and to quantify the consequent environmental impacts. Economic and policy issues that will affect decisions to produce energy crops are discussed. The framework is used to evaluate erosion and chemical runoff in two Tennessee regions. The analysis shows that production of dedicated energy crops in place of conventional crops will significantly reduce erosion and chemical runoff.     

Socio-economic Comparison Between Traditional and Improved Cultivation Methods in Agroforestry Systems, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

The East Usambara Mountains, recognized as one of the 25 most important biodiversity hot spots in the world, have a high degree of species diversity and endemism that is threatened by increasing human pressure on resources. Traditional slash and burn cultivation in the area is no longer sustainable. However, it is possible to maintain land productivity, decrease land degradation, and improve rural people’s livelihood by ameliorating cultivation methods. Improved agroforestry seems to be a very convincing and suitable method for buffer zones of conservation areas. Farmers could receive a reasonable net income from their farm with little investment in terms of time, capital, and labor. By increasing the diversity and production of already existing cultivations, the pressure on natural forests can be diminished. The present study shows a significant gap between traditional cultivation methods and improved agroforestry systems in socio-economic terms. Improved agroforestry systems provide approximately double income per capita in comparison to traditional methods. More intensified cash crop cultivation in the highlands of the East Usambara also results in double income compared to that in the lowlands. However, people are sensitive to risks of changing farming practices. Encouraging farmers to apply better land management and practice sustainable cultivation of cash crops in combination with multipurpose trees would be relevant in improving their economic situation in the relatively short term. The markets of most cash crops are already available. Improved agroforestry methods could ameliorate the living conditions of the local population and protect the natural reserves from human disturbance.     

Cd胁迫下As污染土壤对农作物生长及农产品安全性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法研究了在Cd胁迫下As污染物对水稻(Oryze sativa L.)、大豆(Glycine mdx L .)生长发育及重金属吸收积累的影响,As-Cd污染土壤采用不同改性剂对农产品安全性的影响研究.研究结果表明:单元素As处理与对照相比水稻株高降低了10.3锄、产量下降了9.8%,而大豆株高、产量分别增加了6 cm、36.9%,在实验设计污染物浓度范围内,As对大豆生长发育有刺激作用.As-Cd处理与对照相比水稻的株高、产量分别下降了2.3 cm、1.75%,而大豆株高、产量下降了12 cm、5.6%,As-Cd污染处理抑制了作物的生长发育;As-Cd处理比单元素As处理其水稻籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.2倍、1.14倍、1.7倍,As-Cd处理比单元素As处理大豆籽实、茎叶、根中As含量分别多4.63倍、2.82倍、1.85倍,Cd元素的存在对水稻、大豆吸收As具有协同作用;采用腐殖酸4%、pH4处理改性措施使土壤中有效态As含量降低,降低了As对农作物的健康风险.     

蔬菜作物施用耐氨固氮菌的增产效果

研究在小区试验条件下,施用耐氨固氮型的催娩克氏菌和阴沟肠杆菌混合菌剂对蔬菜生长和产量的影响。结果表明,施用耐氨固氮菌可促进蔬菜生长,提高产量并改善品质,供试蔬菜的平均增产率达20％,增产效果明显。     

秦岭安河铅锌尾矿复垦区重金属污染现状分析

系统采集秦岭安河铅锌尾矿复垦区尾砂、覆土、蔬菜、作物和中药材等样品,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd 的质量比,并依据国家标准对其进行了评价.旨在调查当地铅锌尾矿复垦作物的重金属污染现状,探讨蔬菜、作物和中药材等重金属污染与覆上、尾砂的关系.提出防控铅锌尾矿复垦作物重金属污染的技术对策.结果表明:1)尾矿复垦与污灌作物中的重金属普遍超标,不能食用,其中污灌地菠菜叶Ph超标1 910倍,葱叶Cd超标1750倍.复垦地玉米籽粒Pb超标35倍,黄豆籽粒Cd超标.189倍;2)尾矿复垦作物中的重金属质量比与尾砂、覆土的重金属质量比具有高度的正相关关系,其污染与铅锌选矿活动有关;3)尾矿复垦地上的小麦、黄豆和玉米籽粒中重金属质量比趋势是:小麦最高,黄豆次之,玉米最低,重金属质量比与作物生长期呈正相关;4)不同植物组织部位中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd等重金属质量比趋势均表现为:根最高,攀叶次之,耔实最低.     

不同作物对土壤中Cd的富集特征及低累积品种筛选

为探究镉(Cd)污染土壤中农作物的食用安全性,以上海市常见农作物(青椒、黄瓜、豇豆、菠菜、花菜、西红柿、水稻和小麦)为实验材料,采用温室盆栽土培实验方法研究了不同土壤Cd含量梯级(0. 23、0. 6、1. 2、1. 8、2. 4和3. 0 mg·kg-1)下不同作物生物量变化以及可食部分Cd富集特征,建立不同种类作物与土壤Cd含量相关关系,探讨不同作物对应的土壤Cd安全限量值,筛选Cd低累积作物品种.结果表明:①随着土壤中Cd含量增加,作物地上生物量表现为先增加后减少,青椒耐受性最强,西红柿、菠菜耐受性最差.②不同作物可食部位Cd的富集系数由大到小依次为小麦菠菜水稻青椒花菜西红柿黄瓜豇豆.③作物可食部分Cd含量与土壤中Cd含量都呈显著正相关(P 0. 05),相关系数大小依次为菠菜小麦西红柿黄瓜青椒水稻花菜豇豆.④不同作物对应的土壤Cd安全限量值大小依次为:豇豆黄瓜花菜青椒西红柿水稻菠菜小麦.依据作物对土壤中Cd的耐受性、富集能力及食用安全限量值,筛选出黄瓜、豇豆、花菜为Cd低累积品种.