营养盐添加对水华蓝藻——卵孢金孢藻生长和竞争影响的原位实验

为探究在水体营养盐浓度持续增加的条件下,卵孢金孢藻(Chrysosporum ovalisporum)的生长趋势和其它藻类的生长响应,在上海滴水湖畔采用39个大桶(100 L)进行不同浓度N、P添加的原位中型模拟实验.结果表明,高浓度营养盐添加可促进卵孢金孢藻和绿藻生物量的增加,加P组二者生物量的增加趋势高于加N组,但差异并不显著(P0.05),加NP组二者生物量的增加趋势显著高于加N组和加P组(P0.001).在加N组和加NP组,卵孢金孢藻相对丰度随营养盐添加量的增加呈显著的下降趋势(P0.05),而在加P组其相对丰度随着P浓度的增加略有上升,但不显著(P0.05).实验结束时,所有处理组中卵孢金孢藻的生物量不占优势,而小粒径藻类[色球藻属(Chroococcus spp.)、空星藻属(Coelastrum spp.)、小球藻属(Chlorella spp.)、四角藻属(Tetraedron spp.)、栅藻属(Scenedesmus spp.)]的生物量随营养盐浓度升高的增加趋势显著高于卵孢金孢藻(P0.05),小型绿藻占据绝对优势,表明在高温和相对静止的条件下,随着水体中营养盐浓度的持续增加,小粒径藻类易替代卵孢金孢藻而占据竞争优势;这与小粒径藻类在高营养条件下代谢速率较高有关,也与绿藻喜静止、高光强的生物学特性有关.小型绿藻占据优势可能成为小型超富营养水体中浮游植物群落在高温季节的演替方向之一.     

围隔实验中浒苔在不同营养盐条件下的生长比较

近年来浒苔在我国黄海海区大规模暴发,给沿海海区造成了严重的环境问题.为了探究营养盐对浒苔生长的影响,2012年5月在黄海海区进行了现场船基围隔实验.实验共设置12个围隔装置,9种不同的营养盐条件.实验发现,浒苔对营养盐有极强的吸收能力,生长能力很强,在营养盐适中时,相对生长率最高可达82%,即使在低营养盐条件下也会保持10%左右的生长速率.在磷酸盐含量适中时,高浓度的硝酸盐更能促进浒苔的生长;充足、连续的营养盐补充是浒苔绿潮暴发的物质基础.通过浒苔吸收的营养盐含量估算其光合作用产生有机物的质量,发现与浒苔湿重增加量有着良好的线性关系.     

鼠尾藻对养殖水体净化的围隔试验

通过围隔实验研究鼠尾藻对N、P的吸收速率。在秋冬季围隔实验中,围隔体积为1 040 L,藻体密度分为低、中、高三个密度组。鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.19μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为0.15μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.09μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为3.65μmol/[g(dw)·d],中密度组为2.50μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.47μmol/[g(dw)·d];在春夏季围隔实验中,鼠尾藻对P的平均吸收速率:低密度组为0.64μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为0.45μmol/[g(dw)·d];对N的平均吸收速率:低密度组为2.70μmol/[g(dw)·d],高密度组为1.88μmol/[g(dw)·d]。结果表明,在相同密度条件下,鼠尾藻春夏季对P的吸收速率是秋冬季的4倍;对N的吸收速率,春夏季比秋冬季略高。     

Fathead Minnow and Bluegill Sunfish Life‐Stage Responses to 17β‐Estradiol Exposure in Outdoor Mesocosms

Developmental and reproductive effects of 17β‐estradiol (E2) exposure on two generations of fathead minnows and one generation of bluegill sunfish were assessed. Fish were exposed to E2 for six continuous weeks in outdoor mesocosms simulating natural lake environments. First generation fish were exposed while sexually mature. Second generation fathead minnows were exposed either during early development, sexual maturity, or both stages. Multiple endpoints were measured to assess effects of E2 exposure on fecundity and fish health and development. Plasma vitellogenin concentrations were highly variable in all fish. Differences in egg production timing for both species indicate differences in fecundity between females exposed to E2 and controls. First generation fathead minnows exposed to E2 had lower body condition factors and reduced secondary sexual characteristic expression by males. Only a difference in relative liver weight was observed in second generation fathead minnows. First generation bluegill males exposed to E2 had significantly smaller testes compared to controls. Although fish response was highly variable, results indicate that exposure to E2 at environmentally relevant concentrations affect fathead minnow and bluegill sunfish health and development, which may have implications for the health and sustainability of fish populations. Furthermore, exposure timing and environmental factors affect fish response to E2 exposure.     

胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征

利用三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱法(EEMS),测定胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐条件下产生的溶解有机物的三维荧光特性.结果显示,浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光,类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成,主要位置为Ex_max/Em_max=270 nm/290～310 nm,Ex_max/Em_max=270～290 nm/320～350 nm的荧光峰强度比较弱;在Ex_max/Em_max=250～260 nm/380～480 nm(A峰)、Ex_max/Em_max=310～320 nm/380～420 nm(C峰)和Ex_max/Em_max=330～350 nm/420～480 nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰,其中以A峰为主.类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度.浮游植物量降低时,类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关.硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性,两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质.不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同,甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A/C比值.     

N:P stoichiometry and transparent exopolymeric particles buffer ecological impacts of nutrients in the Ganga River: a mesocosm study

We investigated the possible drivers of the N:P stoichiometric shift and its relationship with micro-algal production of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) along a 35?km gradient of the Ganga River. The objective was to evaluate if the trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and production of TEP helps in maintaining water quality of the river. Mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine N:P-TEP linkages and its role in turbidity removal. In situ measurements did not show Si to be a limiting nutrient (N:Si?Aulacosira granulata and Fragilaria intermedia. Settling efficiency, turbidity removal and sedimentation of TEP, biogenic silica (BSi) and biomass all increased with decreasing N:P ratio proportionately to the amount of TEP produced in the mesocosm. The study demonstrates that trade-off between N:P stoichiometry and the production of TEP generates feedback to buffer the ecological impacts of nutrient pollution.     

Nitrate removal to its fate in wetland mesocosm filled with sponge iron: Impact of influent COD/N ratio

• CW-Fe allowed a high-performance of NO₃^‒-N removal at the COD/N ratio of 0. • Higher COD/N resulted in lower chem-denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. • The application of s-Fe⁰ contributed to TIN removal in wetland mesocosm. • s-Fe⁰ changed the main denitrifiers in wetland mesocosm. Sponge iron (s-Fe⁰) is a porous metal with the potential to be an electron donor for denitrification. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of using s-Fe⁰ as the substrate of wetland mesocosms. Here, wetland mesocosms with the addition of s-Fe⁰ particles (CW-Fe) and a blank control group (CW-CK) were established. The NO₃^‒-N reduction property and water quality parameters (pH, DO, and ORP) were examined at three COD/N ratios (0, 5, and 10). Results showed that the NO₃^‒-N removal efficiencies were significantly increased by 6.6 to 58.9% in the presence of s-Fe⁰. NH₄⁺-N was mainly produced by chemical denitrification, and approximately 50% of the NO₃^‒-N was reduced to NH₄⁺-N, at the COD/ratio of 0. An increase of the influent COD/N ratio resulted in lower chemical denitrification and higher bio-denitrification. Although chemical denitrification mediated by s-Fe⁰ led to an accumulation of NH₄⁺-N at COD/N ratios of 0 and 5, the TIN removal efficiencies increased by 4.5%‒12.4%. Moreover, the effluent pH, DO, and ORP values showed a significant negative correlation with total Fe and Fe (II) (P<0.01). High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated that Trichococcus (77.2%) was the most abundant microorganism in the CW-Fe mesocosm, while Thauera, Zoogloea, and Herbaspirillum were the primary denitrifying bacteria. The denitrifiers, Simplicispira, Dechloromonas, and Denitratisoma, were the dominant bacteria for CW-CK. This study provides a valuable method and an improved understanding of NO₃^‒-N reduction characteristics of s-Fe⁰ in a wetland mesocosm.     

利用实验塘及原位生物群落(mesocosm)开展农药生态毒理学研究

能接受必要的控制,并可设置重复的实验塘及原位生物（ｍｅｓｏｃｏｓｍ）是开展农药水生生态毒理学研究的理想选择。通过对该系统的研究,农药生产者可阐明复杂系统对药剂毒性的缓冲能力,污染管理者可获得农药对水生生态系统不良影响的信息。本文根据现有资料从池塘设计和建造、规格、生物构成、测定参数和结果分析等方面对该测试系统加以介绍。     

单甲脒农药对草型塘模型生态系统影响的初步研究

在室外中等规模草型塘模型生态系统（Ｖ＝３ｍ＾３）中，实验研究了国产新农药单甲脒盐酸盐水剂对池塘生态系统结构与功能的影响，在１２．５、２５．０和５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的农药浓度下１周左右，大型水生植物，浮游植物，浮游动物，底栖动物均受到不同程度的损伤的破坏，种类，密度，多样性指数下降，高浓度组中浮游生物全部消亡；水层中的好氧异养菌数量则明显增加，单甲脒浓度越高异养菌数量加越多，与此同时，群落产氧量减少，呼     

模型池塘生态系统设计与应用研究

报道了三种模型池塘生态系统即池塘微宇宙、池塘中宇宙和模型水陆生态系统的设计、组建与应用研究结果。三种模型生态系统分别由水族箱（６０×３０×４０）ｃｍ３、玻璃钢水槽（３×１×１）ｍ３和水泥池（２×２×０．６）ｍ３组成，铺垫一定量含有水生生物种子、孢子及卵子的干河泥，灌注自来水。起始氮、磷浓度按中富营养水平配置。培育约一个月，即可分别长成典型的沉水植物群落和沿岸植物群落，并可维持达数月。冬季水槽排干，第二年注水培养，生物群落可重新发展。该系统可连续使用数年。单甲脒农药影响实验结果表明，三种模型生态系统反应均灵敏，可以作为评价、预测化学污染物直接或经地表径流进入水体引起整体生态效应的良好工具。