Some happy,others sad: exploring environmental justice in solid waste management in Kinshasa,The Democratic Republic of Congo

This paper explores the concept of environmental justice (EJ) in solid waste management (SWM) in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It evaluates the extent to which EJ occurs in SWM and discusses the factors accounting for this state of affairs. The paper examines the relevant theoretical framework(s) and mechanisms that would facilitate the attainment of EJ in Kinshasa. It is argued that solid waste (SW) often ends up in the poorest and least powerful communities in the cities of the DRC. A qualitative research methodology, which includes exhaustive critical review of the literature, system analysis, reflections from best practices through case studies and discussion with stakeholders, was used for this study. Findings revealed that SWM in Kinshasa is a duty entrusted to publicly-funded municipal authorities. There are evidences of a clear divide between the rich and poor neighbourhoods in the manner SW is managed. This is an inequality that has only recently begun to be recognised as injustice practices in SWM. It is argued that a politico-cultural mechanism on remedying SWM inequities could enable changes that will address EJ in Kinshasa. Such a solution will go directly against the prevailing notion “some happy, others sad”.     

某型橡胶减振器的加速老化寿命试验研究

目的对某型橡胶减振器进行加速老化试验研究,利用试验数据评估得到产品的贮存寿命。方法采用恒定应力加速试验方法,分四个温度应力量级,对橡胶减振器的压缩永久变形试样开展加速老化试验,获得试样的退化数据。对试验数据进行分析计算,评估得到橡胶减振器材料的贮存寿命。结果通过评估,得到该型减振器材料的贮存寿命能够达到12.36年,置信度大于0.99。同时利用减振器真实产品的老化试验验证了寿命评估结果。结论以温度为敏感应力,采用恒定应力加速贮存试验方法,可以在短时间内快速获得置信度较高的材料常温贮存寿命,结合真实产品验证评估结果,为类似产品的寿命预测提供支撑。     

谈"动态对等"的缺陷

美国著名翻译理论家Nida提出的"动态对等"原则是对翻译理论界的一大贡献.笔者在承认这个原则的同时,从它概念的几个关键词入手,指出这个概念中几个值得商榷的地方,认为它的理论基础不牢靠,并分析了它所忽视的翻译所涉及的几个要素,由此表明,翻译这种涉及到许多因素的复杂活动不能依靠一种理论来指导.     

城市污泥处理过程中有机成分的变化

有机成分是城市污泥处理处置中需要重点关注的对象,对于污泥处理技术路线的选择十分重要。介绍了我国城市污泥有机成分含量的2种测量方法和有机成分的分类研究,阐述了好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、干化、焚烧、水热处理等污泥处理过程中有机成分的变化,包括有机成分的反应机理,产物中有机成分的组成及性质等。     

三种药品联合毒性作用及其环境风险分析

测定了阿司匹林、盐酸环丙沙星和阿奇霉素3种常见活性医药成分(APIs)对发光菌的单一毒性以及混合体系的联合毒性,并应用毒性单位法(TU)、相加指数法(AI)和混合毒性指数(MTI)等方法对混合体系联合作用类型进行分析.结果表明,阿司匹林显示较高的单一毒性,联合毒性中除阿司匹林-环丙沙星二元混合体系为部分相加作用外,其它体系联合毒性均呈现为不同程度的拮抗作用.同时应用简化环境模型计算了3种医药品的预测环境浓度(PEC)和预测无效应浓度(PNEC),将风险表征参数(PEC/PNEC)作为综合评价因子,获得3种医药品目前在大连开发区污水处理厂排水中的数值较低,以阿司匹林综合评价因子最高.     

沿海地区中小城市环境空气质量预报模式的研究与应用

根据两年来的实际工作经验,探讨了沿海地区气象因素对环境空气质量的影响,并结合沿海地区气候特征及污染现状对影响环境空气质量的因素进行了研究分析,建立了适合于沿海地区中小城市环境空气质量预报模式,其预报准确率高。对沿海地区中小城市今后开展空气质量预报工作具有一定的指导意义。     

Source characterization of nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients in healthcare facility wastewaters

Nervous system active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including anti-depressants and opioids, are important clinically administered pharmaceuticals within healthcare facilities. This study provides source characterization data describing the composition and magnitude of nervous system APIs present in healthcare facility wastewaters. Concentrations and mass loadings of ten nervous system APIs and three nervous system API metabolites are reported for wastewaters from a hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility within a single municipality. Concentrations of nervous system APIs ranged from non-detectable levels for alprazolam in all four facility wastewaters to a high of 290 ng/L amitriptyline in nursing facility wastewater. The summed mean concentration of all thirteen analytes ranged from 402 ng/L in independent living facility wastewater to 624 ng/L in assisted living facility wastewater. Wastewater flow rates from each facility were combined with concentration data to estimate the daily mass loading of nervous system APIs leaving each facility through wastewater discharge to the municipal sewer system. The total mass loading of all thirteen analytes for the hospital, nursing, assisted living, and independent living facility was 228, 44, 29.5, and 28.1 mg/day, respectively. The total mass loading of nervous system APIs contributed to the municipality's wastewater from all four facilities was 330 mg/day.     

基于自然环境中优选药物的毒性和生态毒理风险研究

在如今超过1 500种在用原料药中,环境中发现几率明确和对环境影响明确的原料药所占比例很小。由于很难监管所有在用原料药,众多先前的研究提议将原料药按照受关注程度排序,从而可以将研究资源集中于那些最受瞩目的药物。然而这些研究都存在局限性,本文从之前优先性方法的实践经验出发,提出了一种更为全面的原料药排序方法。该方法基于对水生生物、土壤生物、鸟类、野生哺乳动物和人类的风险,综合考虑了食物链顶端存在的生态毒理学研究终点和由这些治疗性药物作用机制带来的非顶端效果。对于在英国社区以及医院设置中使用的146种活性药物的分析可以更为详细地说明该方法的运用。根据这一方法,我们将16种化合物列为优先考虑的药物。这些药物包括了抗生素、抗抑郁药、抗炎药、抗糖尿病药、抗肥胖药、雌激素类化合物以及相关的代谢产物。我们建议这种优先性方法在将来可以更广泛地应用于世界上不同的地区。
精选自Jiahua Guo, Chris J. Sinclair, Katherine Selby, Alistair B.A. Boxall. Toxicological and ecotoxicological risk based prioritisation of pharmaceuticals in the natural environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1550–1559, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3319
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3319/full
     

长兴城市污水处理厂运行现状及存在问题

介绍了长兴城市污水处理厂运行现状,分析了污水处理中存在的问题,提出了要加强企业污水排放的管理,重视污泥处理和处置的方向,利用热电厂锅炉焚烧污泥的新技术以彻底解决填埋场地短缺和污泥二次污染的问题,并建议政府部门加快建立和完善污水排放、污泥处理处置的相关法律法规.     

基于ARCGIS的四川省分级退耕还林还草空间决策分析

首先,利用遥感和GIS技术建立土地利用、土壤侵蚀、数字高程模型、坡度、生态环境质量等级、植被指数、降雨、温度、植被分区、土壤类型和行政区、水体缓冲区、聚落缓冲区等栅格GIS数据库。其次,将旱地数据分别与坡度、土壤侵蚀、植被指数、生态环境质量等级、水体缓冲区和聚落缓冲区等栅格指标数据进行叠加分析。再次,利用各指标构建了基于ARCGIS的一、二级退耕决策模型及其空间复合模型,并得到一、二级退耕面积分别为724 495hm²和333 085hm²。然后,利用温度和降雨指标数据构建了基于ARCGIS的还林还草决策模型,并得到一、二级还林的面积分别为702 362hm²和331 357hm²,还草的面积分别为22 133hm²和1 728hm²。最后,将其分别与行政区、植被分区和土壤类型数据进行空间叠加统计分析,得到各行政区的退耕还林还草情况,以及每一个退耕栅格单元所处的植被分区和土壤类型情况。研究表明,该方法可以节约大量的人力、物力和财力。其研究结果对退耕还林还草工程的规划、实施和管理等具有较大的应用价值。