广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属的地理分布

利用牡蛎做监测生物，研究了广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ的地理分布。牡蛎体的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ含量存在着显著的地域差异，反映了广东沿岸海域生物可利用性的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ在地域上存在很大的梯度。由牡蛎显示出的广东沿岸海域生物可利用性重金属的地理分布与广东沿岸海域受人为来源的重金属输入状况相一致，如实地反映了广东沿岸海域重金属污染的基本特征。     

秦山核电站运行后对邻近海域生态环境及其水质影响评价

通过对秦山核电站运行前后相隔近７ ａ 的工程区邻近海域四季度月生物与非生物环境生态各要素的两次调查分析，进行了Ⅰ期工程运行以来海域生态环境及水质状况的影响评价。结果认为，秦山海域具典型强潮河口湾生态特征，营养盐丰富，而生产力低下。潮汐、径流和湾外海水入侵是导致海洋环境要素季节和年际变化并直接影响海洋生物结构的主要因子。水体富营养化指数上升是沿岸工业和生活污水大量排放的结果。核电站运行中冷却水的热排放由于杭州湾特殊的海底地形和强潮混合的水体环境对附近水域的热升温效应不明显。秦山Ⅰ期工程运行以来对海域生态环境和水质变化未见明显影响     

The New Jersey Toxics Reduction Workplan for Ny-Nj Harbor: Distribution of Pcdd/Fs in Ambient Waters

As part of the NJ Toxics Reduction Workplan for NY-NJ Harbor, ambient water samples were collected at fifteen locations along the tidal portions of the Hackensack, Passaic, Raritan, Rahway and Elizabeth Rivers, and in Newark Bay, the Arthur Kill, and Kill van Kull. A Trace Organics Platform Sampler was used to collect a total of 75 suspended sediment phase samples between June 2000 and May 2002. These samples were analyzed for spatial and wet vs. dry weather trends in the 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs; modified USEPA Method 1613b). Mean total PCDD/F (tPCDD/F) concentrations at the sampling locations ranged between 3.8 and 41.5 ng/g. On average, OCDD accounted for almost 80% of the tPCDD/F concentrations; mean total [PCDD/F – OCDD] concentrations ranged between 0.84 and 5.20 ng/g at the sampling locations. Mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations ranged between 0.003 and 0.28 ng/g, with the highest concentrations (> 0.10 ng/g) along the tidal Passaic and lower Hackensack Rivers, and in upper Newark Bay. Mean tPCDD/F Toxic Equivalency Quotients (TEQ) ranged between 45 and 344 TEQ pg/g, with the highest levels found in the lower Passaic River. Toxicity was primarily driven by 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations in the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers, and in Newark Bay. Examples of congener distribution patterns at some of the sampling locations are also presented.     

跨界水资源利用的理论分析及国际环境保护制度构建研究

基于跨界水资源利用的理论分析及国际环境保护制度构建,对限制领土主权理论必须重新审视.共同利益理论要从根本上解决跨界水资源开发利用问题必须要正视主权、明确水权性质的归属.国际水道非航行使用法公约的现实状况说明,必须厘清跨界水资源水权与流域国家主权的关系、准确把握跨界水资源水权的定性,才能解决环境保护问题.为此,在确定跨界水资源水权性质为主权范围内所有权基础上,应构建事前预防、事后补偿、争端解决等国际环境保护法律机制.     

氟磺隆水解动力学研究

采用试验室内模拟试验的方法,研究不同pH的缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解的影响。实验结果表明,不同pH缓冲溶液和不同自然水体对氟磺隆水解速率均有不同程度的影响。在碱性条件下氟磺隆的水解速率最快,半衰期为0.2 d,酸性条件下次之,半衰期为6.0 d,在中性条件下水解较慢,半衰期为15.7 d,而在不同自然水体中氟磺隆的降解速率为:伊通河水稻田水青湖水蒸馏水。     

In field arsenic removal from natural water by zero-valent iron assisted by solar radiation

An in situ arsenic removal method applicable to highly contaminated water is presented. The method is based in the use of steel wool, lemon juice and solar radiation. The method was evaluated using water from the Camarones River, Atacama Desert in northern Chile, in which the arsenic concentration ranges between 1000 and 1300 μg L⁻¹. Response surface method analysis was used to optimize the amount of zero-valent iron (steel wool) and the citrate concentration (lemon juice) to be used. The optimal conditions when using solar radiation to remove arsenic from natural water from the Camarones river are: 1.3 g L⁻¹ of steel wool and one drop (ca. 0.04 mL) of lemon juice. Under these conditions, removal percentages are higher than 99.5% and the final arsenic concentration is below 10 μg L⁻¹. This highly effective arsenic removal method is easy to use and inexpensive to implement.     

Modulation of steroidogenesis by coastal waters and sewage effluents of Hong Kong, China, using the H295R assay

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The presence of a variety of pollutants in the aquatic environment that can potentially interfere with the production of sex steroid hormones in wildlife and humans has been of increasing concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of extracts from Hong Kong marine waters, and influents and effluents from wastewater treatment plants on steroidogenesis using the H295R cell bioassay. After exposing H295R cells to extracts of water, the expression of four steroidogenic genes and the production of three steroid hormones were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected during the summer of 2005 from 24 coastal marine areas and from the influents and effluents of two major waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) in Hong Kong, China. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE). H295R cells were exposed for 48 h to dilutions of these extracts. Modulations of the expression of the steroidogenic genes CYP19, CYP17, 3betaHSD2, and CYP11beta2 were determined by measuring mRNA concentrations by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). Production of the hormones progesterone (P), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) was quantified using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: Extracts from samples collected in two fish culture areas inhibited growth and proliferation of H295R cells at concentrations greater or equal to 10(5) L equivalents. The cells were exposed to the equivalent concentration of active substances in 10,000 L of water. Thus, to observe the same level of effect as observed in vitro on aquatic organisms would require a bioaccumulation factor of this same magnitude. None of the other 22 marine samples affected growth of the cells at any dilution tested. Twelve of the marine water samples completely inhibited the expression of CYP19 without affecting E2 production; inhibition of CYP17 expression was observed only in one of the samples while expression of CYP11beta2 was induced as much as five- and ninefold after exposure of cells to extracts from two locations. The expression of the progesterone gene 3betaHSD2 was not affected by any of the samples; only one sample induced approximately fourfold the production of E2. Although more than twofold inductions were observed for P and T production, none of these values were statistically significant to conclude effects on the production of these two hormones. While influents from WWTPs did not affect gene expression, an approximately 30% inhibition in the production of E2 and a 40% increase in P occurred for the exposure with influents from the Sha Tin and Stonecutters WWTPs, respectively. Effluents from WWTPs did not affect the production of any of the studied hormones, but a decrement in the expression of the aldosterone gene CYP11beta2 was observed for the Sha Tin WWTP exposure. No direct correlation could be established between gene expression and hormone production. DISCUSSION: Observed cytotoxicity in the two samples from fish culture areas suggest the presence of toxic compounds; chemical analysis is required for their full identification. Although effluents from WWTPs did not affect hormone production, other types of endocrine activity such as receptor-mediated effects cannot be ruled out. Interactions due to the complexity of the samples and alternative steroidogenic pathways might explain the lack of correlation between gene expression and hormone production results. CONCLUSIONS: Changes observed in gene expression and hormone production suggest the presence in Hong Kong coastal waters of pollutants with endocrine disruption potential and others of significant toxic effects. The aromatase and aldosterone genes seem to be the most affected by the exposures, while E2 and P are the hormones with more significant changes observed. Results also suggest effectiveness in the removing of compounds with endocrine activity by the WWTPs studied, as effluent samples did not significantly affect hormone production. The H295R cell showed to be a valuable toll in the battery required for the analysis of endocrine disrupting activities of complex environmental samples. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: Due to the intrinsic complexity of environmental samples, a combination of analytical tools is required to realistically assess environmental conditions, especially in aquatic systems. In the evaluation of endocrine disrupting activities, the H295R cell bioassay should be used in combination with other genomic, biological, chemical, and hydrological tests to establish viable modes for endocrine disruption and identify compounds responsible for the observed effects.     

Thinking inside the basin: scale in transboundary water management

While transboundary waters are widely advocated to be best managed at the basin level, practical experience in transboundary waters at the basin vis‐à‐vis other scales has not been systematically examined. To understand past experiences in transboundary water management at alternate scales, this paper: (i) determines the relative abundance of water treaties at different scales and (ii) elucidates how transboundary water law varies according to the scale to which it applies. The paper developed a scale typology with six groups, and systematically applied it to stratify transboundary water treaties. Treaty contents were then compared across scales according to the following set of parameters: primary issue area, temporal development, and important water management attributes. Results of this work reveal: (i) treaties tend to focus on hydropower and flood control at smaller scales, and organizations and policies at larger scales; (ii) a temporal trend toward treaties concluded at larger scales; and (iii) a higher proportion of treaties is at larger scales in Africa and Asia than in Europe and the Americas. These findings suggest that smaller scale cooperation may constitute a more constructive scale in which to achieve development‐oriented cooperation. Further, scope may exist to complement basin scale cooperation with cooperation at smaller scales, in order to optimize transboundary water management. In the context of basin‐wide management frameworks, Africa and Asia may benefit from greater emphasis on small‐scale transboundary water cooperation.     

一株蒽降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

从石油污染土壤中筛选出一株蒽的高效降解菌株JUST-1,JUST-1可在以蒽为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,能利用蒽的最高浓度为70mg/L左右。经形态学观察并进行ITS序列分析,初步判断菌株JUST-1属于尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)或该菌的一个株系。JUST-1的菌丝呈白色或粉红色,并存在三类孢子,分别为小型分生孢子(microconidia)、大型分生孢子(macroconidia)和厚垣孢子(chlamydospores),但大孢子分隔数较少,隔膜1～2个。JUST-1菌株为好氧菌。投菌量、初始蒽浓度、pH和H_2O_2浓度是影响蒽降解效率的因素。JUST-1菌株对蒽的最适宜降解条件为:蒽浓度40mg/L,投菌量10%～20%,pH7.0～8.0。在此条件下,摇床培养5d后,葸去除率可达70%以上。