Turnover mechanisms of organic conformation on turbidity in drinking water

The turbidity variation in artificial water and samples from a water plant was investigated in the presence of organics with different relative molecular mass. The results show that recessive turbidity existed when water chemical conditions were changing. The formation of turbidity depended on organic relative molecular mass and their conformations on particles. At higher pH and lower ionic strength, the organic chains with a more extended conformation resulted in rising turbidity of the suspension. At lower pH, the reconformation of organics took place due to charge neutralization by the proton, resulting in a decline in turbidity. The addition of NaCl and MgCl₂ at pH 7.00 also resulted in a decrease of turbidity in the suspension. It is believed that the occurrence of recessive turbidity has a significant influence on the stability of water supply quality.     

壳聚糖改性红壤去除铜绿微囊藻

研究了聚合氯化铝铁和壳聚糖改性对高岭土、海泡石和红壤去除水中铜绿微囊藻效果的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖改性的红壤对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果最好,其生成絮体密实度大,抗扰动能力强。当改性红壤的投加量为50 mg/L时,叶绿素a和铜绿微囊藻去除率分别达到98.0%、95.1%。该絮凝剂适应性好,在pH为3.0~6.0的范围内对铜绿微囊藻均可取得很好的去除效果,对叶绿素a和浊度的去除率可达90%以上。壳聚糖通过包裹红壤颗粒,借助壳聚糖的粘结架桥和电中和能力,大幅度提高了红壤的絮凝性能。该絮凝剂处理富藻水,具有絮凝效果明显、絮体密实度大、投加量少、绿色环保、经济等优点,在工程上具有较大的实用价值。     

活性硅酸聚合硫酸铁的研究

以硅酸钠，硫酸和聚合硫酸铁为原料制备活性硅酸合硫酸铁，测定了ＡＳＰＦＳ红外光谱，了Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比和水样ＰＨ值等因素对产品和除浊效果的影响当Ｆｅ／Ｓｉ摩尔比为１．５时产品稳定性和除浊效果均较好。     

电凝聚处理轧制乳化废水的研究

用电凝聚法处理轧制乳化废水,探讨了影响破乳的各种因素,确定了最佳处理条件。研究结果表明:该法处理轧制乳化废水的效果很好,浊度去除率可达99.6%,COD去除率达99.5%。此外,还发现电凝聚法的处理效果优于药剂絮凝法。     

香港海沙资源的勘探开发与管理

海沙开采已成为仅次于油气开采的世界第二重要海洋开采业。1980年代以来,香港政府投资1.7×10⁸港元为寻找海岸围垦填料进行了一系列的海沙勘探活动,在1828km²香港水域发现22个地点海沙资源储量7.4×10⁸m³,其中9个地点4.2×10⁸m³储量因覆盖层较厚或污染严重或海区环境特别敏感等原因被暂时搁置。1990～2002年共开采海沙2.7×10⁸m³,为形成2100hm²新土地的多项围垦工程提供了约一半的填料。基于地球物理勘探和钻探资料建立了香港海域第四纪层序和海沙产状地质模型,发现和证实了含气沉积物地震剖面的声波浑浊现象。香港政府对海沙资源进行统一勘探和统一管理,强调海沙开采的环境和生态影响评估,利用废弃的海床挖沙坑回填倾废的非污染海泥和受污染海泥。我国内地海沙勘探管理可以从中取得借鉴。     

金盆水库汛期高浊水径流的潜入及热分层水体水质响应

以西安金盆水库为研究对象,在汛期通过对河流区至库区的水温、浊度、DO和营养盐等水质指标进行连续监测,探究降雨径流的潜入规律及热分层水体水质动态响应特性.结果表明:在外界气温变化条件下,水库出现季节性热分层现象.汛期径流的汇入导致下温跃层消亡,热分层稳定性减弱;汛期径流水体携带大量颗粒态营养盐物质和泥沙以异重流形式潜入,其流态从过渡区的底层潜流向主库区间层流转变,潜入初期间层流厚度达20m.降雨早期异重流的潜入导致中下层水体的TN、TP、TOC显著增加,水体平均TN、TP、TOC、浊度最高分别超出平时0.2,2,0.6,16倍,水质呈现短时高污染负荷.底层潜流水体水温较高,大量沉降于沉积物中的颗粒态污染物分解速率加快,內源污染负荷进一步提高,底层水体中TN、TP、TOC浓度高达1.88,0.05,4.6mg/L;汛期可通过分层取水方案和排放高浊水来保障供水安全.     

夏季太湖浊度分布特征及其在水－沉积物界面识别中的应用

基于2014年8月对太湖61个采样点的浊度和各物理化学指标的测定,分析夏季太湖浊度空间、垂直分布特征及其影响因素,利用实测的湖泊底层浊度垂直分层对水－沉积物界面进行定量识别.结果表明,夏季太湖浊度表、中、底层浊度平均值分别为(28.3±21.4), (23.0±13.3), (31.7±15.0) NTU,总体分布趋势为太湖北部贡湖湾、梅梁湾最大,其次为西部及湖心区,较低值出现在胥口湾及东太湖;线性回归分析表明,表、中、底层浊度分别与叶绿素a、无机悬浮物、总悬浮物浓度的拟合关系最好;基于浊度垂直分层定量识别的太湖水－沉积物界面厚度均值为(156.4±53.5) mm,其中贡湖湾及太湖西部厚度最大,其次为湖心区及梅梁湾,东太湖、胥口湾、竺山湾界面厚度最小,界面厚度与中层浊度存在显著的正相关(R2=0.552),风浪引起的频繁的沉积物再悬浮将增加水－沉积物界面厚度.太湖浊度的垂直分层可用于水－沉积物界面的定量识别,为水－沉积物界面营养盐交换和物质循环研究提供科学依据.     

生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水

用生物絮凝剂MBFGA1预处理乳制品加工废水（简称废水）。实验结果表明,废水处理的水力条件为：以150r／min的转速搅拌30S,再以30r／min的转速搅拌20min;MBFGA1的最佳加入量为15mg／L;废水pH为4．0时,MBFGA1对废水的絮凝处理效果最好;废水温度对浊度、COD去除率有一定的影响,在20～45℃时,废水浊度的去除率始终保持在85％以上;30℃时,COD去除率达到最大值65．0％。     

Conservation implications of anthropogenic impacts on visual communication and camouflage

Anthropogenic environmental impacts can disrupt the sensory environment of animals and affect important processes from mate choice to predator avoidance. Currently, these effects are best understood for auditory and chemosensory modalities, and recent reviews highlight their importance for conservation. We examined how anthropogenic changes to the visual environment (ambient light, transmission, and backgrounds) affect visual communication and camouflage and considered the implications of these effects for conservation. Human changes to the visual environment can increase predation risk by affecting camouflage effectiveness, lead to maladaptive patterns of mate choice, and disrupt mutualistic interactions between pollinators and plants. Implications for conservation are particularly evident for disrupted camouflage due to its tight links with survival. The conservation importance of impaired visual communication is less documented. The effects of anthropogenic changes on visual communication and camouflage may be severe when they affect critical processes such as pollination or species recognition. However, when impaired mate choice does not lead to hybridization, the conservation consequences are less clear. We suggest that the demographic effects of human impacts on visual communication and camouflage will be particularly strong when human‐induced modifications to the visual environment are evolutionarily novel (i.e., very different from natural variation); affected species and populations have low levels of intraspecific (genotypic and phenotypic) variation and behavioral, sensory, or physiological plasticity; and the processes affected are directly related to survival (camouflage), species recognition, or number of offspring produced, rather than offspring quality or attractiveness. Our findings suggest that anthropogenic effects on the visual environment may be of similar importance relative to conservation as anthropogenic effects on other sensory modalities.     

两种新型涂铁改性砂的过滤性能及反冲洗条件研究

以两种新型涂铁改性石英砂(纳米氧化铁改性砂,Nano-OCS;氧化铁改性砂,IOCS)及普通石英砂(RQS)为研究对象,考察了两种新型改性砂对沉后水腐殖酸及浊度的直接过滤效果,对其反冲洗条件进行优化研究,并对3种滤料的过滤效果进行了比较.结果表明,1滤层厚度为45 cm时,最佳滤速为6 m·h-1;3种滤料对腐殖酸和浊度的直接过滤效果依次为:Nano-OCSIOCSRQS,其中两种涂铁砂对腐殖酸的去除率分别为71.70%和61.61%;2Nano-OCS和IOCS滤柱的反冲洗流程分4步,对应的流程及最佳操作条件为:首先,用0.5 mol·L-1NaOH的溶液浸泡,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,气冲时间6 min;然后,用0.075 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液与空气同时反冲洗,NaOH溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间3 min;接着用0.015 mol·L-1的FeCl3溶液与空气同时反冲洗,FeCl3溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间2 min;最后,用清水冲洗,冲洗强度8 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间4 min.两种涂铁砂反冲洗前后表面形态结构更加复杂、粗糙度增加,对腐殖酸去除率进一步提高.3当滤层厚度由45 cm增加到80 cm时,Nano-OCS对腐殖酸直接过滤的最高去除率由74.6%提高至80.3%,平均去除率由57.9%提高至68.5%.