交联壳聚糖对铀的吸附研究

以壳聚糖(CTS)为原料,在碱性条件下用环氧氯丙烷对壳聚糖进行化学改性,制得不溶水的交联壳聚糖(CCTS)。利用CCTS吸附铀(UO22+),探讨吸附动力学规律以及初始浓度,pH值的影响。实验结果表明,CCTS对UO22+的吸附符合Langmu ir吸附等温模型,并能用准二级速率方程对吸附动力学加以描述。当在CCTS为10 mg,pH为3,UO22+初始浓度为50μg/mL条件下,CCTS对UO22+的吸附去除率为98%以上。     

铀胁迫对香根草生理生化指标的影响

采用水培方式研究了不同质量浓度(0、0.1 mg/L、1 mg/L、5mg/L、10 mg/L、20 mg/L)铀胁迫下香根草光合色素质量比、可溶性蛋白质质量比、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)活性、非酶物质(非蛋白巯基NPT、谷胱甘肽GSH和植物络合素PCs)含量的变化.结果表明,铀质量浓度为0.1 mg/L和1 mg/L时,可促进香根草光合色素和可溶性蛋白质质量比的增加,但随铀质量浓度增加,光合色素和可溶性蛋白质质量比逐渐下降.铀胁迫诱导香根草体内MDA含量、POD活性和CAT活性呈明显升高的趋势,SOD活性则表现为逐渐下降的趋势.不同质量浓度铀胁迫对香根草根部NPT、GSH和PCs含量无明显影响,铀质量浓度为0.1 mg/L时香根草根部NPT、GSH和PCs含量略有增加;随铀胁迫质量浓度增加,叶片内GSH含量逐渐下降,NPT和PCs含量则逐渐升高.     

Ethyl thiosemicarbazide intercalated organophilic calcined hydrotalcite as a potential sorbent for the removal of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) ions from aqueous solutions

This work was conducted to determine the practicability of using a new adsorbent 4-ethyl thiosemicarbazide intercalated,organophilic calcined hydrotalcite(ETSC-OHTC) for the removal of uranium(U(VI)),and thorium(Th(IV)) from water and wastewater.The FTIR analysis helped in realizing the involvement of nitrogen and sulphur atoms of ETSC in binding the metal ions through complex formation.Parameters like adsorbent dosage,solution pH,initial metal ions concentration,contact time and ionic strength,that influence adsorption phenomenon,were studied.The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of U(VI) and Th(IV) was found to be in the range 4.0-6.0.The contact time required for reaching equilibrium was 4 hr.The pseudo second-order kinetic model was the best fit to represent the kinetic data.Analysis of the equilibrium adsorption data using Langmuir,Freundlich and Sips models showed that the Freundlich model was well suited to describe the metal ions adsorption.The K F values were 25.43 and 29.11mg/g for U(VI) and Th(IV),respectively,at 30°C.The adsorbent can be regenerated effectively from U(VI) and Th(IV) loaded ones using 0.01mol/L HCl.The new adsorbent was quite stable for many cycles,without much reduction in its adsorption capacity towards the metals.     

铁屑去除酸法地浸采铀地下水中硝酸盐的试验研究

在酸法地浸采铀过程中,硝酸及硝酸盐的广泛使用使硝酸盐在地下不断累积并扩散到地下水中,这给矿区地下水造成了一定程度的污染.本试验以铁屑为还原剂,对该地下水中NO3--N的去除进行了批试验和动态试验研究.试验结果表明,铁屑可有效去除地下水中的NO3--N,其去除率随pH值的降低而逐渐升高;溶液中共存的Ca2 、Mg2 对NO3--N的去除影响不大,而SO42-、HCO3-的存在可明显降低NO3--N去除率;铁屑最佳投加量为120 g/L,铁炭最佳体积比为1∶1;二级柱可以明显提高柱子的稳定运行时间,在55 h内NO3--N去除率可保持在93%以上,去除效果较好.     

华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染特征及健康风险评价

为查明华东某铀矿区稻米中放射性核素铀污染现状及健康风险问题,测定铀矿区和对照区共136件稻米样品中放射性核素U含量,采用单因子污染指数法评价放射性铀污染,并开展U元素健康风险评价。结果表明:(1)研究区稻米中U含量平均值为1.46 ng·g~(–1),各亚区稻米中U含量平均值从大到小顺序为:开采矿井区水冶场区含矿未采区废弃矿井区江西省背景值对照区;(2)稻米单因子污染指数为1.25,属于轻度污染。其中,开采矿井区和水冶厂区为轻度污染,废弃矿井区和对照区未受污染;(3)首次计算提出江西省大米U元素致癌风险最大斜率系数为1.04×10~3(d·kg)·mg~(–1)。各亚区稻米中成人和儿童致癌风险指数高低顺序均为:开采矿井区水冶厂区含矿未采区废弃矿井区对照区。儿童直接饮食稻米具有一定的致癌风险;开采矿井区和水冶厂区的成人存在一定致癌风险,含矿未采区和废弃矿井区以及对照区均无致癌风险。     

纳米零价铁对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布及固定效果的影响

针对纳米零价铁(nZVI)对铀尾矿库土壤中铀形态分布和U(Ⅵ)固定效果影响问题,采用逐级化学提取、毒性浸出(TCLP)和磁性分离实验,利用SEM-EDS和XRD对nZVI固定前后的铀尾矿土壤进行表征;研究了nZVI在不同投加量和pH条件下,对尾矿库土壤固定前后铀的形态分布和固定效果的影响,并对nZVI的固定机理进行了探讨。结果表明：当nZVI的投加量为8%、pH为5时,土壤中U(Ⅵ)的固定效果最好,固定后土壤中铀的毒性浸出值仅为13.98%;对经过nZVI处理后的铀尾矿土壤进行磁性分离发现,磁性和非磁性土壤重量占比分别为32.87%和67.13%,其铀含量分别达到55.05%和44.95%,说明nZVI对土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的富集作用。nZVI对铀尾矿库土壤中的U(Ⅵ)有较好的原位固定和富集效果,并能减少土壤中铀的析出。     

2种铀矿井下常用口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性研究

为探究铀矿井下常用的2种口罩对气溶胶粒子的过滤特性,在我国南方某铀矿山,利用APS3321型空气动力学粒径谱仪对井下工作人员常用纱布口罩和KN95型口罩的过滤特性进行了研究.井下气溶胶监测数据显示,该铀矿井下典型作业场所PM10的质量浓度介于0.069～ 9.800 mg/m3,个数浓度介于173.918 ～2 561.600个/cm3;PM2.5的质量浓度介于0.039～0.479 mg/m3之间,个数浓度介于173.100～2 556.382个/cm3之间.口罩过滤特性试验结果表明:1)KN95型口罩和纱布口罩对PM10的平均过滤效率分别为95％和76％,对PM2.5的平均过滤效率分别为93％和61％,可见KN95型口罩过滤效率明显高于纱布口罩;2)在0.5～3.5 μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对颗粒物的过滤效率均随粒径增大而增大,在3.5～ 10μm粒径范围内,2种口罩对不同粒径颗粒物的过滤效率均接近100％;3)无论从质量浓度还是个数浓度来看,经口罩过滤后的气溶胶粒子大多数分布在2.5μm粒径范围内,表明PM2.5是主要的气溶胶污染物.     

Bioaccumulation and biological effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to natural and depleted uranium

The accumulations of both natural (U) and depleted (DU) uranium in the earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were studied to evaluate corresponding biological effects. Concentrations of metals in the experimental soil ranged from 1.86 to 600 mg kg⁻¹. Five biological endpoints: mortality, animals’ weight increasing, lysosomal membrane stability by measuring the neutral red retention time (the NRRT), histological changes and genetic effects (Comet assay) were used to evaluate biological effects in the earthworms after 7 and 28 days of exposure. No effects have been observed in terms of mortality or weight reduction. Cytotoxic and genetic effects were identified at quite low U concentrations. For some of these endpoints, in particular for genetic effects, the dose (U concentration)-effect relationships have been found to be non-linear. The results have also shown a statistically significant higher level of impact on the earthworms exposed to natural U compared to depleted U.     

Americium,plutonium and uranium contamination and speciation in well waters,streams and atomic lakes in the Sarzhal region of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site,Kazakhstan

New data are reported on the concentrations, isotopic composition and speciation of americium, plutonium and uranium in surface and ground waters in the Sarzhal region of the Semipalatinsk Test Site, and an adjacent area including the settlement of Sarzhal. The data relate to filtered water and suspended particulate from (a) streams originating in the Degelen Mountains, (b) the Tel′kem 1 and Tel′kem 2 atomic craters, and (c) wells on farms located within the study area and at Sarzhal. The measurements show that ²⁴¹Am, ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸U concentrations in well waters within the study area are in the range 0.04–87 mBq dm⁻³, 0.7–99 mBq dm⁻³, and 74–213 mBq dm⁻³, respectively, and for ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu are elevated above the levels expected solely on the basis of global fallout. Concentrations in streams sourced in the Degelen Mountains are similar, while concentrations in the two water-filled atomic craters are somewhat higher. Suspended particulate concentrations in well waters vary considerably, though median values are very low, at 0.01 mBq dm⁻³, 0.08 mBq dm⁻³ and 0.32 mBq dm⁻³ for ²⁴¹Am, ^239,240Pu and ²³⁸U, respectively. The ²³⁵U/²³⁸U isotopic ratio in almost all well and stream waters is slightly elevated above the ‘best estimate’ value for natural uranium worldwide, suggesting that some of the uranium in these waters is of test-site provenance. Redox analysis shows that on average most of the plutonium present in the microfiltered fraction of these waters is in a chemically reduced form (mean 69%; 95% confidence interval 53–85%). In the case of the atomic craters, the proportion is even higher. As expected, all of the americium present appears to be in a reduced form. Calculations suggest that annual committed effective doses to individual adults arising from the daily ingestion of these well waters are in the range 11–42 μSv (mean 21 μSv). Presently, the ground water feeding these wells would not appear to be contaminated with radioactivity from past underground testing in the Degelen Mountains or from the Tel′kem explosions.     

中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治"十三五"规划思路研究

首先从放射性废水、废石及尾矿、放射性废气、运输、退役及辐射环境管理等六个方面介绍了中国铀矿冶三废处理现状,分析了中国铀矿冶在放射性污染防治方面所存在的辐射安全状况依然严峻、环境保护技术滞后、退役治理存在较明显的局限性与片面性、铀矿冶标准体系有待完善、地下水污染与控制措施及其研究不够等问题,最后对"十三五"中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治提出了加快铀矿冶退役治理进程、加强铀矿冶废水处理技术研究工作、进一步加强铀矿山井下辐射防护工作、加快铀矿冶退役治理工程长期监护机制的出台、全面梳理铀矿冶法规标准体系的建议,以期为中国铀矿冶领域放射性污染防治提供科学的和系统的工作思路.