食盐电导稀释法测试明渠水流量技术

食盐电导稀释法明渠水流量测试技术是以饱和食盐水做示踪剂,注入测试渠道的水中,用自制电导积分仪测试明渠水的电导积分值,而后换算成流量的一种明渠流量测量方法。食盐电导稀释法特别适用于山涧溪流流量测量,该方法操作方便,测试结果准确,可用以校核其它流量测量方法。     

基于G1-VPRS-MIE多层次灰色理论的引水明渠运行风险评价

引水明渠的安全运行风险评价对减少和预防其在输水运行过程中的灾害发生、提高其在运营期间的社会经济效益具有重要的意义。为了对引水明渠在运行期间的风险进行合理赋权和评价,通过科学合理的方法构建了多指标参数的明渠运行风险影响因素指标体系,包括主体结构风险、自然风险、水污染风险、组织管理风险和运行调度风险5个风险因子子系统及20个二级指标在内的评价指标体系;运用G1和VPRS法分别确定各指标的主观权重和客观权重,结合MIE理论优化指标权重;根据明渠工程的运行特点,选取多层次灰色理论计算引水明渠运行风险值,并根据相关规范和安全风险评价实践确定风险评价等级。将该模型应用于引大入秦工程中,结果表明:采用序关系分析法(G1法)和变精度粗糙集理论(VPRS)并结合最小信息熵原理(MIE)的权重确定方法(G1-VPRS-MIE),不但避免了层次分析法过度依赖专家的主观经验、克服了粗糙集理论在边界刻画的局限性,而且弥补了主观和客观方法相结合的不足;对于指标权重的确定更加客观合理,既能满足所得权重的客观性,也能保证评估结果具有一定的解释性,同时能够减少单一权重计算的偏差;多层次灰色评价模型对于引水明渠安全运行风险等级的确定较为有效,并得出其风险等级为中等偏高,与实际情况一致。研究成果为引水明渠工程安全运行提供了一定的参考,同时可为类似气候环境的引水明渠区域规划、设计、施工提供有效的借鉴。     

粘土覆盖层对防治污水渗漏污染地下水作用的研究

本文通过实际类比的研究方法,对粘土覆盖层防治水明渠渗漏污染地下水的作用进行了探讨,并确定了粘土覆盖层防止地面污水渗漏污染地下水所必需的临界厚度范围。     

明渠污水流量的自动监测仪介绍

为了配合国家发放水污染物排污许可证的管理,设计研制出新一代明渠污水流量自动监测装置,并已推广应用.该装置具有计量准确,抗干扰力强,适用范围广,耐腐蚀,不堵塞,不受液体中悬浮物和气泡的影响等优点,且造价低廉,管理使用方便.     

明渠中有机质微粒沉降过程的随机游走模拟

基于明渠流动的主要特点,考虑紊动强度的垂向非均匀性,及颗粒运动的游荡效应（loitering effect）影响,对微粒运动基本方程进行改进,建立了明渠非均匀紊流中考虑游荡效应的随机游走模型,对明渠中微粒的沉降损失进行了模拟分析.模拟结果显示,不考虑游荡效应影响时,明渠中微粒的沉降损失率可用微粒沉速与水深之比计算;而在游荡效应影响下,微粒沉降损失率会发生约18%~27%的下降,下降百分比与均匀紊流中微粒沉速在游荡效应影响下的折减百分比渐近值（19~25%）基本一致.本文结论基于不考虑微粒重悬浮、游荡效应为紊流对微粒沉降的主导影响机理等前提,主要适用于对明渠中细小有机质微粒沉降至床底过程更准确的计算分析.     

Vertical distribution of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sedimentary core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China

The vertical profiles of nonylphenol （NP） and nonylphenol ethoxylates （NPEOs） were investigated in a sediment core from the Beipaiming Channel, North China using high sensitive LC-MS and GC-MS metthods In this core, relatively high concentrations of NP and NPEOs occurred in the surface sediment （≤40 cm）, with the maximum value of NP and NPEOs reaching 3539 and 12735 mg/g, respectively, whereas, no NP or NPEOs were detected in deeper sediments （〉40 cm）. The high concentrations of NP and NPEOs in the surface layers suggested recent inputs in this area. NPEOs with short ethoxy chains （NPnEO, n=0-3） were dominant in the NPEO mixture with percentages from 54% to 78%, which were similar to the distribution of homolog NPEO in effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants （STPs）, indicating that the channel received the effluents from these STPs. The sewage treatment ratio was quite similar to that found in North America before the 1980s. Finally, the concentrations of NP and NPEOs were related to the total organic carbon （TOC） （p〈0.001）, suggesting that TOC was an important factor for vertical distribution of NPEOs and NP from the Beipaiming Channel.     

弯道明渠内危化品泄漏扩散的数值模拟

自由水面流动和危化品水体迁移扩散过程属有界性问题,利用两相流理论建立三维瞬态VOF动力学模型,在其基础上提出危化品水体迁移扩散的浓度压缩性微分方程,有限容积法离散方程,高分辨率Gamma离散格式适用于解决有界性问题,用Gamma格式离散VOF和危化品迁移扩散方程的对流项。对Chang实验的弯曲水槽的流动及危化品扩散进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果较吻合。笔者建立的数学模型能准确地模拟水流三维特性突出的弯道水槽的流场和危化品水体迁移扩散过程。     

Assessment of physically-based and data-driven models to predict microbial water quality in open channels

In the present study,a physically-based hydraulic modeling tool and a data-driven approach using artificial neural networks (ANNs) were evaluated for their ability to simulate the fate and transport of microorganisms in a water system.To produce reliable data,a pipe network was constructed and a series of experiments using a fecal coliform indicator (Escherichia coli 15597) was conducted.For the physically-based model,morphological (pipe size,link length,slope,etc.) and hydraulic (flow rate) conditions were used as input variables,and for ANNs,water quality parameters (conductivity,pH,and turbidity) were used.Both approaches accurately described the fate and transport of microorganisms (physically-based model: correlation coefficient (R) in the range of 0.914 – 0.977 and ANNs: R in the range of 0.949 – 0.980),with the exception of one case at a low flow rate (q = 31.56 cm 3 /sec).This study also indicated that these approaches could be complementarily utilized to assess the vulnerability of water facilities and to establish emergency plans based on hypothetical scenarios.     

堰槽式明渠废水流量监测数据有效性判别技术研究

针对缺少堰槽明渠废水流量监测数据有效性判别技术的现状,研究了计量检定期间对废水流量计的监督检查技术,设计了现场计量检定项目、流量计运行维护情况、生产工况的变化3个方面检查内容、8项检查指标,并分别提出了检查方法及检查结果的判定与处理,填补了中国废水流量自动数据有效性认定的技术空白,完善了废水流量监测的质控体系。开展的试点工作表明,该文提出废水流量计监督检查技术具有较好的实用性。