中国水务:最好的发展机遇和最严峻的挑战

中国水资源的严峻性和中国水务体制改革的迫切性互为表里,几乎就是一枚硬币的两面.在中国经济持续高速发展的背景下,千头万绪的的问题最终归结为:水资源如何保护?水产业走向何方?     

海域污染对水产业经济损失估算方法初探

费用效益分析是环境经济计量的基础。本文应用市场价值法，提出了海域污染对水产业带来的经济损失的估算方法。利用常规的海水监测资料，进行污染等级划分，根据污染程度确定剂量反应关系，建立以货币形式表示的污染损失的计算模型，同时指出计算参数的获得途径，为海域环境污染损失计量提供了一种简单实用的新方法，并以大连湾为实例给出计算结果。     

用市场机制调控水产养殖业污染问题的研究

随着我国海洋资源的大规模开发利用，多胺海洋使用单位利益间的冲突不断加剧，海水养殖业本身引起的海洋和外部污染对养殖业的影响也不断升级，解决这一矛盾是我国海洋环境保护面临的重大课题。本文首次借用经济研究中地边际收益理论，探索性的分析了水产养殖业中 污染问题及其与海洋环境的关系，并提出了用市场经济调节和控制海洋水产养殖业污染的战略措施。     

生态环境污染对水产业的影响及防治对策

近年来,我国水产养殖业扩大,密放精养程度也大大提高,而水体不仅受到水产自身污染,还因工农业废水、废渣直接排入水域,造成严重污染,使养殖水域老化,有机淤泥增厚,鱼、虾、贝、藻类等出现大面积的病害,给水产业尤其是对虾生产造成严重危害;同时还对饲料生产、产品加工、冷藏运销、外贸出口等有关行业带来重大的损失。 大规模、持续多年暴发鱼、虾等病害的病因、病原是多方面的,然而生态环境遭受污染却是发生其病害的根本原因。本文着重对虾、鱼类方面危害予以讨论分析,供同行参考。1 生态环境污染的影响 据统计,目前全国废水排放总量每年约为366.5亿吨以上,其中沿海仅43个城市入海废     

烟台市近海海域水质污染研究

烟台市海洋渔业资源丰富,水产业在该市农业经济中占有重要的地位,但近海海域存在石油、无权氮和活性磷酸盐的污染,水质污染对水力业构成了严重危害．为控制该市近海海域水质污染,本文建议当地政府加强对工业污染源的管理,尽快兴建新的污水处理工程,加强海上船舶排污的监督与管理力度,以及引导农民合理应用化肥．     

Environmental impact of aquaculture-sedimentation and nutrient loadings from shrimp culture of the southeast coastal region of the Bay of Bengal

Nutrient Ioadings were measured for surface seawater and bottom sediments of semi-intensive and improved extensive shrimp culture pond, adjacent estuary, and fallow land in the south-east coastal region of Bangladesh during August, 2000--January, 2001 to evaluate the impact of shrimp culture. The mean levels of nutrients found in the pond surface water were 108.780 mg/L for CaCO3, 0.526 mg/L for NH4^ -N, 3.075 wt% for organic carbon, 7.00 mg/L for PO4-P, 5.57 mg/L for NO3-N, and 7.33 mg/L for chlorophyll-a. The maximum mean value of H2S(0.232 mg/L) was found in estuarine water. Nutrients loading were found to be decreased with distance from the shrimp farm discharge unit in estuarine water. The mean level of organic matter, total nitrogen, and organic carbon were found in higher concentrations in sediments of cultured pond compared to bottom soil of adjacent fallow land at the same elevation. Extractable Ca values were found in higher concentration(550.33 ppt) in adjacent fallow land, as the shrimps for molting in shrimp ponds use extractable Ca. The relation between seawater H2S value and sediment pH ( r= -0.94); sediment organic carbon and sediment pH values ( r= -0.76), sediment total nitrogen and sediment pH ( r = - 0.74) were found to be highly negatively correlated. Whereas the relation between seawater H2S value and sediment total nitrogen ( r= 0.92), water NH4^ -N and sediment pH ( r = 0.66) were found to be positively correlated. The results revealed that load of nutrients at eutrophic level in estuarine water, and decrease of soil pH; leading to acid sulphate soil formation indicates a negative impact of shrimp culture.     

节水产业商机无限

我国是个人均水资源贫乏的国家,近年来,随着水资源短缺形势的日趋严峻,许多专家学者提出了建设节水型社会的建议。众多企业、大专院校、科研部门纷纷加入节水大军中,国外许多知名的水务企业也纷至沓来,节水技术、节水设备等与节水有关的市场逐渐形成并显现出无限商机。     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.     

论草原水产业政策

面对不可忽视的牧区水资源短缺,政府要制定严格的草原水产业政策,大力投入牧区水资源建设,统一管理和分配水资源,用经济技术手段开源节流,慎重对待牧区跨流域调水工程,以缓解畜牧业和其他产业的生产生活用水困难。