Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

大地是棕色的

从太空上看下来，人类居住的地球一定是蓝色和绿色的，但是如果你靠近地面，所见到的土地可能只呈现棕色。那么这种棕色是从哪里来的呢？美国科学家最近发现，大地的棕色其实来自于绿色植物，碳元素吸走了其他的光。     

磷元素在饮用水生物处理中的限制因子作用

应用细菌生长潜力(BGP)法,考察了磷元素在淮河流域某地面水厂饮用水生物处理工艺中的限制因子作用原水添加50μg·L^-1KH₂PO₄-P后,BGP可以提高54%,添加其它无机元素和添加磷元素对BGP的影响没有显著差异;原水添加20mg·L^-1C₆H₁₂O₆对BGP的影响要小于添加50μg·L^-1KH₂PO₄-P的影响;原水添加磷后生物滤池对COD_Mn的去除率比对照生物滤池提高了7.5%,其出水明显表现为碳限制型,对照生物滤池出水则为磷限制型.结果说明磷元素是该水厂饮用水生物处理的限制因子,且限制作用强于碳元素,可以通过外加磷源的方法提高饮用水生物处理工艺对有机物的去除效率.     

热带河流狂排二氧化碳

美国和巴西的研究人员发现,全球热带雨林地区的河流与洪泛区制造出来的二氧化碳量是原先估计的3倍,这意味着这些雨林地区并不像某些学者认为的那样能够大量吸收二氧化碳。 根据最新统计,全球热带河道地区每年散发9亿吨二氧化碳,大概相当于人类活动(伐木、燃烧矿物燃料)每年制造的二     

厦门城市化进程中的居民食物碳消费及其环境负荷

随着城市化进程的不断推进,城市对全球生态系统碳循环的影响越来越显著,其中城市家庭食物碳消费对全球城市生态系统碳循环的贡献日益突出,已成为城市生态系统碳循环的研究热点之一.以厦门市为例,通过分析1988～2010年居民食物碳消费的动态变化和家庭分布特征,评价并预测了由食物碳消费导致的环境负荷.结果表明,1988～2010年全市人均食物消费量和人均食物碳消费量分别下降了6%和25%,但由于厦门市人口的快速增长,食物消费和食物碳消费的总量均不断增加,分别增长了116%和70%.居民食物碳消费总量的增加导致环境负荷量不断上升,由9.88万t增长至16.62万t,特别是进入土壤的碳通量近年来快速增加.预测显示2011～2024年间厦门市居民食物碳消费总量以及环境负荷量仍将继续上升,2025年将有所下降,人均食物碳消费量则从2011年起持续下降.对厦门市居民家庭食物消费的分析表明,家庭户均食物碳消费主要受到家庭收入、食物消费费用、家庭用餐人数的影响,食物碳消费较高的家庭通常平均家庭用餐人数3人、平均食物消费费用约3 125元.月-1,户均食物碳消费为1 134.91 kg,人均食物碳消费量为378.30 kg,高食物碳消费的家庭人均食物碳消费量是低食物碳消费家庭人均消费量的4.84倍.     

石家庄夏季道路尘有机碳和元素碳特征及来源

为明确石家庄市夏季道路尘中有机碳和元素碳污染特征及来源,用样方法采集市区4种不同类型共8条铺装道路尘样,处理后经热光碳分析仪测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)组分。结果表明:总碳(TC)在道路尘PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)中质量分数分别为129 465.2,103 911.4μg/g;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中OC和EC相关系数分别为0.94和0.86,可认为OC、EC来源基本一致;OC/EC均>2,表明存在二次有机碳(SOC)的贡献;通过OC/EC最小比值法估算得出SOC占PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中OC总量的42.5%和32.8%,一次有机碳(POC)贡献较大;夏季道路积尘中的碳主要来自于汽、柴油车尾气排放、大气降尘中燃煤成分和生物质燃烧。     

大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用

大气气溶胶碳质组分主要包括有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)和元素碳(Elemental Carbon,EC),是大气细粒子的重要组成部分,对大气环境及人体健康具有非常重要的意义.针对目前商品化碳质气溶胶在线分析仪存在的一些问题,研制出大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪(PKUOCEC),实现了对OC和EC的小时浓度测量.仪器同时采用热分解-光学透射(Thermo Optical Transmission,TOT)法和热分解-光学反射(Thermo Optical Reflection,TOR)法分离OC和EC,检测限为0.29μg·m-3(以C计)(采样时间40 min,采样流量8 L·min-1),测量范围最大值为211.50μg·m-3(以C计),可以满足不同环境的大气观测要求.于2016年1月23—31日采用该仪器对北京怀柔大气进行监测,并与商品化在线碳质气溶胶分析仪(RT-4 OCEC,Sunset Lab Inc.)和多角度吸收光度计(5012 MAAP,Thermo Scientific)进行比对.结果显示,PKU-OCEC测得的TC(Total Carbon,TC=OC+EC)和OC浓度均与Sunset-OCEC对应结果显著相关(TC:r=0.986,OC:r=0.984;p0.01),说明两台仪器测量结果具有很好的一致性;Sunset-OCEC测得的EC数据有39.39%低于0.013μg·m-3(以C计),剔除该部分异常值后,其测得的EC数据与PKU-OCEC数据的线性拟合方程由CEC_Sunset=0.9278×CEC_PKU!0.0704(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.9476×CEC_PKU!0.2665(TOR法)变为CE C_Sunset=0.6810×CEC_PKU+1.2842(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.7035×CEC_PKU+1.1179(TOR法),新的方程产生较大正截距,说明Sunset-OCEC的检测限偏高;PKUOCEC测得的EC数据与MAAP测得的BC数据显著相关,其线性拟合度(R2=0.8868(TOT法)、R2=0.8614(TOR法))大于Sunset-OCEC与MAAP的拟合度(R2=0.8047);PKU-OCEC分析仪TOT法和TOR法测得的OC浓度相当(COC_TOR=0.9963×COC_TOT,R2=0.9959).综合结果表明,PKU-OCEC分析仪测量数据可靠,运行稳定且操作简便,可以用于各种环境条件下的大气监测.     

杭州湾精细化工园区碳的物质流分析研究

以杭州湾精细化工园区为例,开展碳的物质流分析.研究了园区碳的利用效率,并从精细化工产品的E因子、产品单价、精细化工产品含碳量及碳的利用率、产品单位碳元素对应的产值、单位产值对应的废弃碳元素6个方面进行了分项统计分析.在物质流分析基础上,提出了园区提高碳的利用效率的建议.首先,加强绿色化学化工技术的开发应用,大幅降低原辅材料投入.其次,开发E因子较低、附加值高的产品,提高单位碳投入的产值产出.这类产品方向主要包括含杂原子(F、N、S等)较多的医药、农药、功能性新材料等产品.此外,还应开发或引入低E因子、附加值适中、吨位较大、和园区已有企业和产品能形成产业配套的产品,引导培育产业共生.     

碳足迹——环保新坐标

碳,就是石油、煤炭、木材等由碳元素构成的自然资源;碳耗用得多,导致全球变暖的元凶二氧化碳也制造得多,碳足迹就大,反之碳足迹就小。“碳足迹”来源于一个英语单词“Carbon Footprint”,是指一个人的能源意识和行为对自然界产生的影响,简单地讲就是指个人或企业“碳耗用量”。打个比方,一个人开着车子在马路上转一圈就留下了一个碳足迹。碳足迹已经成了许多发达国家的流行语,飞机是最大的碳排放制造者,     

Trihalomethane formation potential of organic fractions in secondary effluent

Organic matter is known to be the precursor of numerous chlorination by-products. Organic matter in the secondary e uent from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was physically separated into the following fractions: particulate organic carbon (1.2–0.45 m), colloidal organic carbon (0.45–0.1 m), fine colloidal organic carbon (0.1–0.025 m), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (< 0.025 m). Moreover, < 0.45 m fraction was chemically separated into hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N), and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The chlorine reactivity of these organic fractions obtained from both size and XAD fractionations were evaluated. The structural and chemical compositions of the HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N isolates were characterized using elemental analysis (C, H, O, and N), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results showed that DOC was dominant in terms of total concentration and trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), and there was no statistical di erence in both specific THMFP (STHMFP) and specific ultraviolet light absorbance among the 0.45, 0.1, and 0.025 m filtrates. HPO-A had the highest STHMFP compared to other chemical fractions. HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N contained 3.02%–3.52% of nitrogen. The molar ratio of H/C increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. The O/C ratio was relatively high for TPI-N as compared to those for the other fractions. 1H-NMR analysis of the four fractions indicated that the relative content of aromatic protons in HPO-A was significantly higher than those in the others. The ratio of aliphatic to aromatic protons increased in the order of HPO-A < HPO-N < TPI-A < TPI-N. FT-IR analysis of the four fractions showed that HPO-A had greater aromatic C==C content whereas HPO-N, TPI-A, and TPI-N had greater aliphatic C–H content. TPI-N contained more oxygen-containing functional groups than the other fractions.