Ionic imbalance due to hydrogen carbonate from Asian dust

In an attempt to identify the ionic imbalance, hydrogen carbonate, HCO₃⁻ (bicarbonate), was determined together with the commonly determined nine major ions because the imbalance was frequently encountered in the chemical analysis of samples with high pHs. Titration method was applied for the determination of the samples with pH higher than 5.6. These samples amounted to 102 of the 1536 samples collected in Hokkaido, Northern Japan, from April 1998 to December 2002. Of the 102 samples, 74 (Group A) showed an acceptable ion balance without including HCO₃⁻. In the other 28 (Group B), however, inclusion of HCO₃⁻ successfully improved the ion balance. These results suggested that hydrogen carbonate was a potential candidate for explaining the imbalance. The hydrogen carbonate concentrations showed a strong correlation with the corresponding non-sea salt calcium (nss-Ca²⁺) concentrations, which implied that hydrogen carbonate was derived from calcium carbonate particles incorporated into falling raindrops or cloud droplets. For Group A, the relationship between hydrogen carbonate and the nss-calcium ion concentration was very similar to that for commonly suspended particles in Hokkaido. On the other hand, Group B exhibited a stronger but significantly different correlation. To the samples of Group B, a back-trajectory analysis was applied to demonstrate that the samples were associated with aerosol travelling from Northern China or Mongolia, which indicated that alkaline aerosol affected the chemistry. In consideration of these findings, the current standard of the ion balance should be critically reviewed for modification in regard to the contribution of hydrogen carbonate not only in source areas but also in receptor areas of alkaline aerosol.     

Activities of alkaline phosphatase in first trimester chorion biopsy tissue

We have determined the activity of alkaline phosphatase in chorionic villous tissue obtained in the first trimester of pregnancy, in order to obtain the normal range of values as a prerequisite for application to the prenatal diagnosis of the rare bone disease hypophosphatasia. The activities found were a combination of intestinal and liver/bone/kidney types; traces of placental type were present in only one sample.     

Flow cytometric method to measure urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from blood neutrophils for use in the prenatal screening of Down's syndrome

The histochemical measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase from maternal blood neutrophils is known to have a high detection rate for the prenatal detection of Down's syndrome pregnancies. However, because the histochemical method is laborious and subjective to use, it has not gained widespread acceptance in prenatal screening programmes. We present a simple and objective method for the measurement of urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase by flow cytometry. The method should allow the design of larger studies aimed at evaluating the role of neutrophil urea-resistant alkaline phosphatase in the prenatal screening for Down's syndrome.     

白洋淀水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性的时空分布及其影响因素

2011—2012年期间,以白洋淀8个国控监测点为采样点,通过对水体和沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性（APA）和理化参数的分析,揭示了白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性时空分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,白洋淀碱性磷酸酶活性具有明显的时空分布规律,春季碱性磷酸酶活性增大,夏秋季达最高值,冬季最低,富营养化程度高的样点碱性磷酸酶活性较高.相关性分析结果表明,水体碱性磷酸酶活性与氨氮和氮磷比显著负相关（p<0.05）,与温度、总磷、浮游植物密度显著正相关（p<0.01）.推测浮游植物密度可能是影响水体碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素;沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性可能主要与微生物相关,与沉积物总磷含量显著正相关（p<0.05）.水体和沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性与采样点富营养化程度一致,可以作为白洋淀富营养化的评价指标.     

杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤碱性磷酸酶活性分布及其与磷形态的关系

以杭州湾潮滩作为研究区域,对土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性、磷形态、有机磷细菌数量及理化性质的时空分布特征进行分析,揭示碱性磷酸酶活性与磷形态分布及转化的关系. 结果表明,杭州湾潮滩湿地土壤中碱性磷酸酶活性具有显著的时空差异,总体表现为7月最高（38. 59~104.74 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,2月最低（8. 21~40.61 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,且各月之间有显著性差异（p<0.05）;不同植被型土壤碱性磷酸酶活性之间差异总体表现为芦苇（39.72~104.63 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>互花米草（32.18~73.23 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）≈海三棱藨草（9.68~83.48 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）>光滩（8.21~49.50 mg·kg^-1·h^-1）,其中光滩与其他类型土壤具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 无机磷形态中的可交换态磷（Exch-P）、铁/铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）及钙结合态磷（Ca-P）的含量均表现为：5月>7月>10月> 2月,5月与2月之间具有显著性差异（p<0.05）. 有机磷形态中的活性有机磷（L-P）的含量动态变化为：7月>5月>10月>2月;中等活性有机磷（ML-P）的含量表现为：2月> 5月>10月>7月;非活性有机磷（NL-P）的含量没有明显的动态变化. 相关性分析结果显示,碱性磷酸酶活性与有机磷细菌数量呈显著的正相关关系（r=0.58,p<0.01）,有机磷细菌是影响碱性磷酸酶活性的主要因素之一.土壤碱性磷酸酶活性与无机磷组分中的（Fe/Al）-P（r=0.39,p<0.05）、 有机磷组分中的L-P （r=0.37,p<0.05）、NL-P（r=0.31,p<0.05）呈正相关,潮滩湿地土壤中的NL-P是生物有效磷的潜在磷源.     

一种新复合型絮凝剂的制备与混凝应用研究

利用煤矿开采后产生的固体废弃物煤矸石制备一种新复合型絮凝剂聚合氯化铝铁钙(PAFCC)。制备工艺中溶出反应最优化条件为煅烧温度750℃,保温2h;盐酸的酸溶反应时间为3h,酸溶反应中盐酸的用量为0.70g/g;碱化聚合反应的最佳工艺条件:反应温度为60℃,pH值为3.7,反应时间为30min;以高岭土废水水样为处理对象,煤矸石制备的聚合氯化铝铁钙絮凝剂废水浊度去除率高于工业聚合氯化铝PAC的浊度去除率。     

Phosphatase activity and culture conditions of the yeast Candida mycoderma sp. and analysis of organic phosphorus hydrolysis ability

Orthophosphate is an essential but limiting macronutrient for plant growth. About 67% cropland in China lacks sufficient phosphorus, especially that with red soil. Extensive soil phosphorus reserves exist in the form of organic phosphorus, which is unavailable for root uptake unless hydrolyzed by secretory acid phosphatases. Thus, many microorganisms with the ability to produce phosphatase have been exploited. In this work, the activity of an extracellular acid phosphatase and yeast biomass from Candida mycoderma was measured under different culture conditions, such as pH, temperature, and carbon source. A maximal phosphatase activity of 8.47 × 10^5±0.11× 10^5 U/g was achieved by C. Mycoderma in 36 hr under the optimal conditions. The extracellular acid phosphatase has high activity over a wide pH tolerance range from 2.5 to S.0 （optimum pH 3.5）. The effects of different phosphorus compounds on the acid phosphatase production were also studied. The presence of phytin, lecithin or calcium phosphate reduced the phosphatase activity and biomass yield significantly. In addition, the pH of the culture medium was reduced significantly by lecithin. The efficiency of the strain in releasing orthophosphate from organic phosphorus was studied in red soil （used in planting trees） and rice soil （originating as red soil）. The available phosphorus content was increased by 230% after inoculating 20 days in rice soil and decreased by 50% after inoculating 10 days in red soil. This work indicates that the yeast strain C. mycoderma has potential application for enhancing phosphorus utilization in plants that grow in rice soil.     

Responses of alkaline phosphatase activity to wind-driven waves in a large, shallow lake: Implications for phosphorus availability and algal blooms

Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for algal growth, thus, a better understanding of phosphorus availability is essential to mitigate harmful algal blooms in lakes. Wind waves are a ubiquitous characteristic of lake ecosystems. However, its effects on the cycling of organic phosphorus and its usage by phytoplankton remain poorly elucidated in shallow eutrophic lakes. A mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of alkaline phosphatase activity fractions to wind waves in large, shallow, eutrophic Lake Taihu. Results showed that wind-driven waves induced the release of alkaline phosphatase and phosphorus from the sediment, and dramatically enhanced phytoplanktonic alkaline phosphatase activity. However, compared to the calm conditions, bacterial and dissolved alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in wind-wave conditions. Consistently, the gene copies of Microcystis phoX increased but bacterial phoX decreased under wind-wave conditions. The ecological effects of these waves on phosphorus and phytoplankton likely accelerated the biogeochemical cycling of phosphorus and promoted phytoplankton production in Lake Taihu. This study provides an improved current understanding of phosphorus availability and the phosphorus strategies of plankton in shallow, eutrophic lakes.     

Remediation of copper-contaminated topsoils from a wood treatment facility using in situ stabilisation

Five organic matters, three phosphate compounds, zerovalent iron grit (ZVIG, 2% by soil weight), two alkaline compounds, and two commercial formulations were incorporated, singly and some combined with ZVIG, into a highly Cu-contaminated topsoil (Soil P7, 2600 mg Cu kg⁻¹) from a wood treatment facility. Formulations and two composts were also singly incorporated into a slightly Cu-contaminated topsoil (Soil P10, 118 mg Cu kg⁻¹) from the facility surrounding. This aimed to reduce the labile pool of Cu and its accumulation in beans cultivated on potted soils in a climatic chamber. Lowest Cu concentration in soil solution occurred in P7 soils amended with activated carbon (5%) and ZVIG, singly and combined. Basic slag (3.9%) and compost of sewage sludge (5%) combined with ZVIG promoted shoot production and limited foliar Cu accumulation. For amended P10 soils, no changes occurred in soil solution and foliar Cu concentrations, but one compost increased shoot production.     

预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰作为碱胶凝材料混合材的研究

试验分析了垃圾焚烧飞灰的主要化学成分及矿物组成,探讨了预处理垃圾焚烧飞灰作为碱胶凝材料混合材的可能性.研究表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰主要由黏土类矿物组成,飞灰直接作为混合材参与水化过程会产生明显膨胀现象,加入30%(质量分数)飞灰制成的矿渣/飞灰试块在成型1 d脱膜时膨胀率达到15.7%,标准养护28 d后无侧压抗压强度只有12.4 MPa.对飞灰进行热活化预处理,900℃条件下活化效果最佳,同样的飞灰掺量下,试块在标准养护28 d后无侧压抗压强度达到46.0 MPa,膨胀现象消失,且碱胶凝材料中重金属稳定性良好.