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1.
We examined the principal effects of different information network topologies for local adaptive management of natural resources.
We used computerized agents with adaptive decision algorithms with the following three fundamental constraints: (1) Complete
understanding of the processes maintaining the natural resource can never be achieved, (2) agents can only learn by experimentation
and information sharing, and (3) memory is limited. The agents were given the task to manage a system that had two states:
one that provided high utility returns (desired) and one that provided low returns (undesired). In addition, the threshold
between the states was close to the optimal return of the desired state. We found that networks of low to moderate link densities
significantly increased the resilience of the utility returns. Networks of high link densities contributed to highly synchronized
behavior among the agents, which caused occasional large-scale ecological crises between periods of stable and high utility
returns. A constructed network involving a small set of experimenting agents was capable of combining high utility returns
with high resilience, conforming to theories underlying the concept of adaptive comanagement. We conclude that (1) the ability
to manage for resilience (i.e., to stay clear of the threshold leading to the undesired state as well as the ability to re-enter
the desired state following a collapse) resides in the network structure and (2) in a coupled social–ecological system, the
systemwide state transition occurs not because the ecological system flips into the undesired state, but because managers
lose their capacity to reorganize back to the desired state.
An erratum to this article can be found at . 相似文献
2.
为了降低离子交换膜的制膜费用,同时为后期微生物燃料电池中的应用提供依据和参考,实验研究了用臭氧预处理过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)引发条件制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)接枝对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)聚合物(PVDF-g-SSS)。傅里叶红外分光光度计(FT-IR)确认了产物的化学组成,用溶剂挥发法制得离子交换膜(PS膜)。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了膜的结晶形态及膜面元素组成,并考察SSS单体用量对膜的离子交换容量、电导率及亲水性等性质的影响。结果表明:接枝反应对PVDF晶型影响较小,PS膜表面有S元素生成;臭氧处理后PVDF易与SSS发生接枝聚合反应,且离子交换容量与SSS单体用量成较好的线性关系,当PVDF/SSS的配比为1:5,PVDF-g-SSS占铸膜液含量的5%时,PS膜的最高离子交换容量可达2.5 mmol·g-1,电导率可达0.046 s·cm-1。 相似文献
3.
为减少赤泥中的氟化物含量,采用自制电渗析装置,通过单因素实验对赤泥中的氟化物进行了电渗析去除研究,考查了电压梯度和液固比对电流以及悬浮液pH和电导率的影响,分析了电渗析技术去除赤泥中氟化物的效果。结果表明:电渗析初期,电流从最大值迅速减小;在同一电压梯度下,电流随着液固比的增大而减小;在电渗析过程中,悬浮液pH和电导率随时间的延长而减小;电渗析技术可有效去除赤泥中的水溶性氟,其去除量随着电压梯度的升高而增大,最高去除率可达77.22%;液固比增大减小了水溶性氟的去除量,在1.0和2.0 V·cm–1 电压梯度下,较大的液固比有助于水溶性氟的去除。利用电渗析技术去除赤泥中氟化物时,应综合考虑电压梯度和液固比对去除量及去除率的不同影响,在保证去除效果的同时尽可能降低能耗。研究结果可为赤泥的进一步综合利用提供参考。 相似文献
4.
5.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) deposition to and exchange at the air-water interface of Luhu, an urban lake in Guangzhou, China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Urban lakes are vulnerable to the accumulation of semivolatile organic compounds, such as PAHs from wet and dry atmospheric deposition. Little was reported on the seasonal patterns of atmospheric deposition of PAHs under Asian monsoon climate. Bulk (dry + wet) particle deposition, air-water diffusion exchange, and vapour wet deposition of PAHs in a small urban lake in Guangzhou were estimated based on a year-round monitoring. The total PAH particle deposition fluxes observed were 0.44-3.46 μg m−2 day−1. The mean air-water diffusive exchange flux was 20.7 μg m−2 day−1. The vapour deposition fluxes of PAHs ranged 0.15-8.26 μg m−2 day−1. Remarkable seasonal variations of particulate PAH deposition, air-water exchange fluxes and vapour wet deposition were influenced by seasonal changes in meteorological parameters. The deposition fluxes were predominantly controlled by the precipitation intensity in wet season whereas by atmospheric concentration in dry season. 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
采用聚氨酯泡沫-被动采样法(PUF-PAS)采集鸭儿湖地区大气样,研究典型污染源地区大气中有机氯农药(OCPs)组成、来源及土-气交换现状。鸭儿湖地区大气中OCPs主要组成为艾氏剂(Aldrin)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)、六氯苯(HCB)、甲氧滴滴涕(Methoxychlor)和a-硫丹(α-Endosulfan),约占OCPs总量的84%。较高浓度Aldrin(平均浓度为161.25 pg/m3)广泛存在应引起高度重视。HCHs(平均浓度为89.64 pg/m3)和DDTs(平均浓度为92.29 pg/m3)普遍存在且含量高,污染程度比较明显。HCHs异构体中β-HCH高于α-HCH,远远高于γ-HCH和δ-HCH,说明HCHs经过长期降解已逐渐稳定下来;来源分析推测存在工业HCHs的使用或者受大气长距离传输影响。DDTs在各点位分布明显不同于HCHs,且各点位DDTs的六种组成均存在很大差别,可能由于点位地理位置以及农药使用情况导致;来源分析推测大气中DDTs主要来自历史残留。鸭儿湖地区OCPs土气交换研究表明,HCHs主要表现为从大气向土壤中沉降;DDTs在大多数点位源于土壤中历史残留的挥发,部分点位受到大气长距离传输影响。 相似文献
9.
《环境科学学报(英文版)》2023,35(3):831-842
This study represents the first quantitative evaluation of pollution transport budget within the boundary layer of typical cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region from the perspective of horizontal and vertical exchanges and further discusses the impact of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL)-free troposphere (FT) exchange on concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) within the ABL during heavy pollution. From the perspective of the transport flux balance relationship, differences in pollution transport characteristics between the two cities is mainly reflected in the ABL-FT exchange effect. The FT mainly flowed into the ABL in BJ, while in SJZ, the outflow from the ABL to the FT was more intense. Combined with an analysis of vertical wind profile distribution, BJ was found to be more susceptible to the influence of northwest cold high prevailing in winter, while sinking of strong cold air allowed the FT flowing into the ABL influence the vertical exchange over BJ. In addition, we selected a typical pollution event for targeted analysis to understand mechanistic details of the influence of ABL-FT exchange on the pollution event. These results showed that ABL-FT interaction played an important role in PM2.5 concentration within the ABL during heavy pollution. Especially in the early stage of heavy pollution, FT transport contributed as much as 82.74% of PM2.5 within the ABL. These findings are significant for improving our understanding of pollution transport characteristics within the boundary layer and the effect of ABL-FT exchange on air quality. 相似文献
10.
树脂负载Fe3+/Cu2+多相类芬顿降解染料橙黄 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
制备了新型多相类Fenton催化剂(Fe3+cu2+)/R(Fe3+和cu2+同时负载于离子交换树脂),以橙黄Ⅳ为研究对象,探讨了初始过氧化氢浓度、橙黄Ⅳ浓度、催化剂量、初始pH值及温度等因素对催化反应速率的影响,并对该催化剂重复使用性能进行测试.研究结果表明,该催化剂(Fe3++Cu2+)/R与Fe3+/R相比表现出更好的催化过氧化氢分解的活性,使橙黄Ⅳ的降解率提高10%;催化过氧化氢氧化橙黄Ⅳ的反应遵循假一级反应动力学,反应活化能为10.71 kJ·mol-1;催化剂表现出良好的重复使用性能,Fe3+和cu2+在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性和耐用性.同时,电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试结果表明,cu2+的掺杂能有效地促进OH·的产生;X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测试结果表明,反应过程中存在高价态铁物种.因此,在该体系反应过程中产生的活性物种是OH·和高价态铁同时共存. 相似文献