Chemical composition and properties of ashes from combustion plants using Miscanthus as fuel

Miscanthus giganteus is one of the energy crops considered to show potential for a substantial contribution to sustainable energy production. In the literature there is little data available about the chemical composition of ashes from the combustion of Miscanthus and practically no data about their physical properties. However, for handling, treatment and utilization of the ashes this information is important. In this study ashes from two biomass combustion plants using Miscanthus as fuel were investigated. The density of the ashes was 2230 ± 35 kg/m~3, which was similar to the density of ashes from straw combustion. Also the bulk densities were close to those reported for straw ashes. The flowability of the ashes was a little worse than the flowability of ashes from wood combustion. The measured heavy metal concentrations were below the usual limits for utilization of the ashes as soil conditioner. The concentrations in the bottom ash were similar to those reported for ash from forest residue combustion plants. In comparison with cyclone fly ashes from forest residue combustion the measured heavy metal concentrations in the cyclone fly ash were considerably lower. Cl-, S and Zn were enriched in the cyclone fly ash which is also known for ashes from wood combustion. In comparison with literature data obtained from Miscanthus plant material the concentrations of K, Cl-and S were lower.This can be attributed to the fact that the finest fly ash is not collected by the cyclone de-dusting system of the Miscanthus combustion plants.     

聚苯硫醚(PPS)掺炭纤维协同飞灰脱除气态汞的实验研究

利用汞蒸气发生器产生的单质汞和烟气中的一些主要气体成分模拟烟气条件,在固定床实验系统上分别进行了燃煤飞灰、聚苯硫醚(PPS)掺炭纤维及燃煤飞灰和PPS掺炭纤维联合对燃煤烟气中Hg0的脱除实验研究.结果表明:燃煤飞灰和PPS掺炭纤维对Hg0的吸附是物理吸附和化学吸附的共同结果,它们各自的脱汞效率分别可达27%和65%左右...     

Lindet ypeF(K)沸石对Zn~(2+)的吸附研究

利用粉煤灰合成Linde type F(K)沸石吸附重金属Zn2+,考察吸附剂量、pH值、反应温度对Zn 2+吸附效果影响,研究沸石吸附Zn2+的等温线与动力学,得到了相应的模型。结果表明:吸附剂量、pH值、反应温度均对Zn2+去除效果影响显著。随着吸附剂量增大,Zn 2+去除效果不断提高,饱和吸附量逐渐减小。初始pH值为3~7时,沸石对Zn2+去除率随pH值升高迅速提高。反应温度越高,沸石吸附Zn2+到达平衡时间越短。沸石对Zn2+吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其吸附为单分子层吸附;准二级反应动力学方程能很好描述沸石对Zn2+的吸附行为。     

TiO2光催化降解垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英的实验研究

光催化降解有机污染物是目前环保研究的热点课题。本文以垃圾焚烧炉的飞灰为对象,研究TiO2作为催化剂在500w汞灯照射下,飞灰中二噁英的随光照时间的降解效率。实验结果表明:在一定的光照条件下,TiO2光催化氧化分解二噁英的效率与飞灰本身的特性有关,特别是与飞灰含碳量以及铁等金属含量有关。飞灰中铁、铜等金属元素可促进二噁英光解,而碳则抑制了二噁英的光解。     

The Water Table: The Shifting Foundation of Life on Land

Hyperarid, arid, and semi-arid lands represent over a third of the Earth’s land surface, and are home to over 38 % of the increasing world population. Freshwater is a limiting resource on these lands, and withdrawal of groundwater substantially exceeds recharge. Withdrawals of groundwater for expanding agricultural and domestic use severely limit water availability for groundwater dependent ecosystems. We examine here, with emphasis on quantitative data, case histories of groundwater withdrawals at widely differing scales, on three continents, that range from the impact of a few wells, to the outcomes of total appropriation of flow in a major river system. The case histories provide a glimpse of the immense challenge of replacing groundwater resources once they are severely depleted, and put into sharp focus the question whether the magnitude of the current and future human, economic, and environmental consequences and costs of present practices of groundwater exploitation are adequately recognized.     

Recycling and recovery routes for incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA): A review

The drivers for increasing incineration of sewage sludge and the characteristics of the resulting incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) are reviewed. It is estimated that approximately 1.7 million tonnes of ISSA are produced annually world-wide and is likely to increase in the future. Although most ISSA is currently landfilled, various options have been investigated that allow recycling and beneficial resource recovery. These include the use of ISSA as a substitute for clay in sintered bricks, tiles and pavers, and as a raw material for the manufacture of lightweight aggregate. ISSA has also been used to form high density glass–ceramics. Significant research has investigated the potential use of ISSA in blended cements for use in mortars and concrete, and as a raw material for the production of Portland cement. However, all these applications represent a loss of the valuable phosphate content in ISSA, which is typically comparable to that of a low grade phosphate ore. ISSA has significant potential to be used as a secondary source of phosphate for the production of fertilisers and phosphoric acid. Resource efficient approaches to recycling will increasingly require phosphate recovery from ISSA, with the remaining residual fraction also considered a useful material, and therefore further research is required in this area.     

Exploring public perceptions of solutions to tree diseases in the UK: Implications for policy-makers

Tree diseases are on the increase in many countries and the implications of their appearance can be political, as well as ecological and economic. Preventative policy approaches to tree diseases are difficult to formulate because dispersal pathways for pest and pathogens are numerous, poorly known and likely to be beyond human management control. Genomic techniques could offer the quickest and most predictable approach to developing a disease tolerant native ash.The population of European Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior) has suffered major losses in the last decade, due to the onset of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (previously called Chalara Fraxinea) commonly known in the UK as ash dieback. This study presents evidence on the public acceptability of tree-breed solutions to the spread of Chalara, with the main aim to provide science and policy with an up-stream ‘steer’ on the likely public acceptability of different tree breeding solutions. The findings showed that whilst there was a firm anti-GM and ‘we shouldn’t tamper with nature’ attitude among UK publics, there was an equally firm and perhaps slightly larger pragmatic attitude that GM (science and technology) should be used if there is a good reason to do so, for example if it can help protect trees from disease and help feed the world. The latter view was significantly stronger among younger age groups (Millennials), those living in urban areas and when the (GM)modified trees were destined for urban and plantation, rather than countryside settings. Overall, our findings suggest that the UK government could consider genomic solutions to tree breeding with more confidence in the future, as large and influential publics appear to be relaxed about the use of genomic techniques to increase tolerance of trees to disease.     

粉煤灰改性吸附材料处理沥青烟气

分析了粉煤灰改性后的物质基础 ,采用吸附法 ,利用改性粉煤灰作为吸附剂对沥青烟气进行处理 ,通过实验研究得到一定的运行参数 ,为沥青烟气的处理提供了理论依据     

磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的实验条件探讨

研究了利用粉煤灰制成的磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的各种单因素实验,并且用正交实验的方法对该磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的实验条件进行了优化选择,研究了该磁性絮凝剂处理景观生态水的一般规律。实验结果表明,当操作条件为：投加量为200mg/L,搅拌时间为1min,搅拌速度为300r/min和磁吸附时间为1.5min时,取得最佳处理效果。在此实验条件下,景观生态水的COD、总P及氨氮的去除率分别可达76.15%、59.54%与53.36%。     

Behaviour of Dioxins,Furans and Metals Associated with Stabilized Msw Combustor Ash in Sea Water

This report presents the results of a research programme designed to examine the engineering and environmental acceptability of stabilizing municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor ash for artificial reef construction. Municipal solid waste combustor ash was combined with Portland cement to form solid blocks using conventional construction block making technology. the resultant stabilized combustor ash (SCA) blocks were used to construct an artificial habitat in Conscience Bay, Long Island Sound, New York and compared to identical concrete blocks, fabricated using natural aggregates. Over a 4.5 year period divers periodically returned to the site to monitor the interaction of SCA blocks with the marine environment and compare the performance of these blocks with the concrete control blocks. Results show that the SCA blocks retain their strength after prolonged sea water exposure. Contaminants of environmental concern, including metals, dioxins and furans, were retained within the cementitious matrix of the SCA blocks after prolonged sea water submersion. in addition, organisms growing on the surfaces of the SCA blocks did not accumulate contaminants from the blocks.