Tissue distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and non-ortho chlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho CBs) in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Swedish waters

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and non-ortho chlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho CBs) were analysed in blubber, nuchal fat, liver, muscle, kidney and brain of three male harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the west coast of Sweden. To estimate spatial variation, PCNs and non-ortho CBs were analysed in six blubber samples collected at different anatomical sites of each animal. Highest wet weight concentrations of ΣPCNs were detected in the lipid rich tissues (blubber and nuchal fat) and liver (520–730 and 520 pg/g, respectively) and lowest in brain (22 pg/g). TetraCNs were most abundant in muscle, kidney and brain, while the hexaCNs were most abundant in the lipid rich tissues and liver. The highest lipid weight concentration recorded (11 ng/g) was for the hexaCN congeners no. 66/67 in liver. These coeluting hexaCN congeners accounted for 80–100% of total hexaCNs in all tissues examined.Concentrations of Σnon-ortho CBs were highest in lipid rich tissues (220–280 pg/g wet weight). Non-ortho CB no. 77 and 169 constituted between 62–86% and 4.9–9.3%, respectively, of total Σnon-ortho CBs. No major variation of Σnon-ortho CB concentrations was found between the six different blubber sites but higher ΣPCN concentrations (wet weight) were found dorsally at the peduncle. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) showed that non-ortho CB no. 126 was the main contributor to total TEQs in all tissues, except liver in which hexaCN congener nos. 66/67 contributed to about 50% of total TEQs.     

CTMAB-膨润土从水中吸附氯苯类化合物的机理--吸附动力学与热力学

采用批量平衡实验,研究了CTMAB-膨润土从水中吸附4种氯苯类化合物（CBs）的吸附特性,并从动力学及热力学角度探讨了CBs的吸附作用机理．结果表明,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程,吸附活化能较小,反应速率较快,达到平衡的时间较短．CBs在CTMAB-膨润土上的吸附符合Linear方程,吸附过程主要由分配作用所致;CBs的辛醇-水分配系数越大,其在CTMAB-膨润土中的分配系数Kd也越大．另外,CTMAB-膨润土的有机碳含量越高,其对CBs的Kd也越大．CBs在CTMAB-膨润土上的吸附是一个放热过程,同时伴随着熵值的增加,在288—308K范围内,反应的吉布斯自由能变小,表明主要吸附作用力为疏水键力,吸附反应为自发过程．     

Compound dependence of the relationship log Kow and log BCFL

Linear relatinships between log bioconcentration factor (BCF) and log K^ow for a variety of compounds have been reported many times in the literature. Analysis of the thermodynamics of the two partition processes has, however, shown that they are not analogous and that linear relationships can be expected to have different slopes for structurally unrelated compounds. In this study a set of literature lipid normalized BCF (BCF_L) values of chlorbenzenes (CBs) for rainbow trout and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) forDaphnia was put together with literature K_ow values. The slopes of the regression lines for log BCF_L versus log K_ow for the two groups of compounds proved to differ significantly in a statistical test using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The difference, which is of significance for estimates of BCFs in environmental modelling of these types of compounds, is explained by the differences in chemical structure of the two groups of compounds.     

血吸虫病疫区水生生物体内氯苯化合物的污染特征与潜在风险

采用GC/MS技术对典型血吸虫病疫区不同水期采集的1种软体生物和5种鱼体肌肉进行分析.实验发现3类二氯苯和六氯苯(HCB)为优势污染物.ΣCBs在软体生物肌肉中几何均值(以脂肪质量计,下同)为11 947 ng·g-1;在鱼体肌肉中范围为1 851~8 159 ng·g-1,鱼体ΣCBs最高浓度出现在鲶鱼体内,最低浓度出现在鲫鱼体内;实验结果与国内外相关文献报道值比较,显示该区域软体生物体内HCB含量与其他区域相当;鱼体肌肉中HCB含量则处于较高污染水平.癌症风险评价结果表明因软体生物和鱼类摄入HCB而带来的风险分别为1.49×10-7和3.73~21.1×10-7,说明研究区域水生生物中因HCB污染引起的癌症风险处于可接受水平.     

Tissue distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and non-ortho chlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho CBs) in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from Swedish waters

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and non-ortho chlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho CBs) were analysed in blubber, nuchal fat, liver, muscle, kidney and brain of three male harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the west coast of Sweden. To estimate spatial variation, PCNs and non-ortho CBs were analysed in six blubber samples collected at different anatomical sites of each animal. Highest wet weight concentrations of ΣPCNs were detected in the lipid rich tissues (blubber and nuchal fat) and liver (520–730 and 520 pg/g, respectively) and lowest in brain (22 pg/g). TetraCNs were most abundant in muscle, kidney and brain, while the hexaCNs were most abundant in the lipid rich tissues and liver. The highest lipid weight concentration recorded (11 ng/g) was for the hexaCN congeners no. 66/67 in liver. These coeluting hexaCN congeners accounted for 80–100% of total hexaCNs in all tissues examined.

Concentrations of Σnon-ortho CBs were highest in lipid rich tissues (220–280 pg/g wet weight). Non-ortho CB no. 77 and 169 constituted between 62–86% and 4.9–9.3%, respectively, of total Σnon-ortho CBs. No major variation of Σnon-ortho CB concentrations was found between the six different blubber sites but higher ΣPCN concentrations (wet weight) were found dorsally at the peduncle. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQs) showed that non-ortho CB no. 126 was the main contributor to total TEQs in all tissues, except liver in which hexaCN congener nos. 66/67 contributed to about 50% of total TEQs.     

超声辅助分散液液微萃取-气相色谱检测污泥中氯苯

采用超声辅助分散液液微萃取结合气相色谱(UAE-DLLME-GC-ECD)检测了污泥中6种氯苯化合物.用丙酮作为萃取污泥样品中氯苯的萃取剂,通过改变萃取剂类型和用量、超声时间以及离子强度等影响因子的实验,确定了最优条件的关键性控制参数.结果表明,6种氯苯的相关系数r2=0.9993~0.9999,相对标准偏差RSD=3.2%~4.4%,检测限LOD为0.001~0.2μg/kg,对造纸、印染和市政3种污泥样品检测的回收率分别为89.2%~103.8%, 94.5%~112.1%和89.1%~104.3%.该方法检测污泥中的氯苯不仅具有快速、灵敏和重复性好的特点,而且相对于传统方法,可以节省大量对人体有毒害作用的有机溶剂和分析时间.     

氯苯类生产过程POPs污染风险点分析及环境管理建议

我国氯苯类生产过程中的二噁英类、五氯苯、六氯苯等非故意产生类持久性有机污染物对环境具有潜在风险。对具有典型工艺特征的氯苯类生产过程中关键节点的二噁英类进行了检测和分析,在残渣、残液、废水和副产品(多氯苯混合物)中发现高浓度二噁英类,主要成分为多氯代二苯并呋喃,推测可能与原料中呋喃类杂质有关。为践行我国《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的履约责任和控制二噁英类排放造成的环境风险,结合国内外相关管理制度提出了法规制度、监督管理、工艺改进、产品质控和废物处置等方面的环境管理建议。     

纳米铁和钯化铁对水体中高氯苯的降解特性

采用购买的纳米铁以及实验室合成的纳米钯化铁对3种高氯苯进行吸附和降解批量实验.结果表明,纳米铁在不同溶液体系下其吸附性能存在显著差异,其中采用pH=6.8的Tris缓冲体系时,纳米铁达到最大吸附值.纳米钯化铁在20 h内对浓度为1 mg·L-1的1,2,4,5-TeCB具有很好的降解效果,在纯水和缓冲体系中的降解率分别...     

血吸虫病疫区鱼体器官中氯苯化合物的污染特征

采用GC/MS技术对典型血吸虫病疫区3种(共68尾)具有代表性鱼体的肌肉、性腺、脑、肾脏和肝脏等器官进行分析.实验发现各鱼体组织器官样品中二氯苯和六氯苯为优势污染物,分析其来源发现研究区域六氯苯主要来源为当地施用的五氯酚类杀螺剂,二氯苯来源为六氯苯降解和当地居民日常生活用品.同时发现该地区鱼体不同器官内CBs(chlorobenzenes,CBs)含量有所差异,肌肉中CBs几何均值的含量(脂肪重,下同)范围为2 731.50~7 811.23 ng·g~(-1),性腺含量范围为2 557.89~4 640.05 ng·g~(-1),脑中含量范围为2 423.18~3 329.61 ng·g~(-1),肾脏中含量范围为1 628.05~4 667.76 ng·g~(-1),肝脏中含量范围为704.92~1 086.96 ng·g~(-1).实验结果与国内外相关研究报道值比较,显示该区域鱼体各器官中二氯苯和六氯苯含量处于较高污染水平,应引起重视.     

生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的影响及评价方法

通过室内培养实验,设定对照和添加1%小麦秸秆生物质炭处理,研究生物质炭对土壤中氯苯类物质老化残留的影响,并通过丁醇、HPCD和Tenax这3种化学提取方法以及蚯蚓富集实验评价土壤中氯苯类物质生物有效性的变化.老化4个月后,对照处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为29.87%、18.02%、5.16%,而添加1%生物质炭处理中六氯苯、五氯苯和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的残留率分别为68.25%、61.32%和58.02%,表明添加生物质炭能够抑制氯苯的消减.丁醇、HPCD和Tenax提取和蚯蚓富集实验结果表明,添加生物质炭显著降低土壤中氯苯的生物有效性(P<0.05),并随老化时间延长,降低效果更为显著.不同提取剂对氯苯的提取效率不同,丁醇和Tenax对氯苯的提取率为六氯苯>五氯苯>1,2,4,5-四氯苯,而HPCD对氯苯的提取率为1,2,4,5-四氯苯>五氯苯>六氯苯.添加生物质炭可显著降低蚯蚓对氯苯的生物富集因子(P<0.05).本研究表明,生物质炭能降低土壤中有机污染物的生物有效性,但高污染残留存在潜在的环境风险.