南京冬季云凝结核活化特征及闭合研究

2017年12月~2018年1月在南京地区对气溶胶的云凝结核（CCN）活化特征进行外场观测,并利用4种常用的闭合方法实现对CCN数浓度的预测.结果表明本次观测期间南京地区的气溶胶具有较高的CCN活性,吸湿性参数（κ）的平均值为0.36.对清洁到不同程度雾-霾天气溶胶污染的CCN活化特征进行对比分析,发现随着污染程度的加深,气溶胶的吸湿性逐渐减弱;在同一能见度（VIS）范围内,环境相对湿度（RH）更高的天气类型中气溶胶的吸湿性和活化能力也更高,这可能由于高RH条件能促进大气中非均相及液相反应生成更多的二次无机气溶胶.4种闭合方法的结果显示,利用临界粒径、截断粒径及粒径分辨的活化谱三种方法总体上均有较好的闭合结果.其中,对于低过饱和度（S）下的预测来说,利用截断粒径方法的闭合结果最为理想.     

南京大气气溶胶混合态与云凝结核活化特征研究

于2014年9月11~18日期间,在南京市气象局利用云凝结核计数器(CCNC)、气溶胶质量分析仪(APM)和扫描电迁移率粒径谱仪(SMPS)对气溶胶的分档云凝结核活性以及混合状态进行观测.结果表明,观测期间颗粒物混合状态以内部混合为主,76、111、138和181 nm颗粒物中,黑碳(BC)所占质量分数分别为5.4%、10%、10.7%和6.7%,而含BC核的颗粒物占总颗粒物数量的百分比分别为51%、57%、70%和59%,表明BC是大气中重要的凝结核,对大气颗粒物的数量有重要贡献.观测到的少数外混状态的颗粒物主要集中在111 nm和138 nm.76、111、138和181 nm颗粒物的临界过饱和度分别为0.25%、0.13%、0.06%和0.015%.降雨和灰霾对云凝结核活性影响较大,雨天、晴天和霾天的气溶胶吸湿性系数κ分别为0.37、0.29、0.39.气溶胶颗粒物的密度和云凝结核活性受化学组分影响明显,相对于晴天,霾天颗粒物中无机盐含量较高、有机物含量较少,对应的颗粒物密度较高、云凝结核活性较强.     

珠江三角洲地区气溶胶分档活化特性与闭合实验

使用SMPS与CCNC系统相结合,于2011年12月在广州番禺大气成分站开展了40~200nm气溶胶粒子的分档活化观测.活化率曲线和统计结果显示0.109%、0.20%、0.39%、0.67%四个过饱和比下临界干粒径Dmid依次为143.7,99.5,74.7,62.6nm;对应的截断粒径Dcut为171.9, 119.1, 90.2, 72.5nm.进一步分析表明,气溶胶粒子的活化能力主要受粒径控制,成分与混合状态的影响在活化临界位置附近最为显著.本次观测结果与华北地区和周边城郊地区相比,气溶胶活化能力较弱.闭合实验计算得到的CCN数浓度与观测值存在很好的相关性(R2=0.9477),计算值较观测值高约16%.考虑到仪器系统误差等因素,认为两者闭合良好.对CCN数浓度计算中使用的3个因子,即气溶胶数浓度NCN、气溶胶谱型NSD、活化率曲线ARSR进行了敏感性实验,结果显示各因子对CCN数浓度的影响程度存在如下关系:NCN> NSD> ARSR.     

Humanitarian Crises: What Determines the Level of Emergency Assistance? Media Coverage,Donor Interests and the Aid Business

This paper proposes a basic hypothesis that the volume of emergency assistance any humanitarian crisis attracts is determined by three main factors working either in conjunction or individually. First, it depends on the intensity of media coverage. Second, it depends on the degree of political interest, particularly related to security, that donor governments have in a particular region. Third, the volume of emergency aid depends on strength of humanitarian NGOs and international organisations present in a specific country experiencing a humanitarian emergency. The empirical analysis of a number of emergency situations is carried out based on material that has never been published before. The paper concludes that only occasionally do the media play a decisive role in influencing donors. Rather, the security interests of Western donors are important together with the presence and strength of humanitarian stakeholders, such as NGOs and international organisations lobbying donor governments.     

不同污染条件下南京春季CCN活化特征分析

在2018年3~4月对南京北郊地区的气溶胶开展了云凝结核（CCN）特征的外场观测,并结合气象数据、PM_2.5浓度和化学组分信息以及光学特性等数据,对观测期间的污染天和清洁天进行了对比,分析了典型污染过程和新粒子生成天的CCN特征.结果表明,本次观测中气溶胶CCN活性总体较高,各过饱和度（SS）下的平均吸湿性参数（κ）为0.30,在最低过饱和度下（SS=0.17%）κ最低,且最大活化率（B）仅为0.72,表明气溶胶中有较多不易活化的物质.污染天κ高于清洁天,但活化率更低且外混程度更高,主要是受交通和工业排放的吸湿性较差的粒子影响,而颗粒物在夜间可迅速老化,使其吸湿性提升,CCN数浓度增加.新粒子生成天的κ受到粒子成核的影响有明显日变化,对总气溶胶数浓度（N_CN）和CCN数浓度（N_CCN）也有显著贡献.     

南京北郊云凝结核活化特征观测及闭合研究

采用SMPS-CCNC联用全扫描的方法,于2016年11~12月在南京北郊地区,对8.2~346nm粒径段的气溶胶粒子展开了粒径分辨的云凝结核（CCN）活化特征观测,并利用6种参数化方法对CCN数浓度进行了闭合研究.结果表明本次观测中南京地区的气溶胶CCN活性和吸湿性均较高,其中平均吸湿性参数（k）为0.31.通过污染天和清洁天CCN特征的对比发现,污染天气溶胶和CCN数浓度均较高,但CCN活性和气溶胶吸湿性却较差,可能是由于新鲜排放的黑炭或有机物的影响.对比6种参数化方法的闭合结果,发现利用截断粒径和临界干粒径这两种参数对CCN数浓度进行预报的结果最为理想.此外,探讨了不同时间分辨率的参数对闭合结果的影响,对比发现参数时间分辨率的提高只增加了闭合结果R²的值,对闭合斜率的影响基本可以忽略,因此综合考虑,本研究可直接利用各参数的整体日变化平均来进行CCN数浓度的闭合.     

Development of a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter using a laser and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera

A continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter with an aerosol focusing and a laser-charge-coupled device (CCD) camera detector system was developed here. The counting performance of the laser-CCD camera detector system was evaluated by comparing its measured number concentrations with those measured with a condensation particle counter (CPC) using polystyrene latex (PSL) and NaCl particles of varying sizes. The CCD camera parameters (e.g. brightness, gain, gamma, and exposure time) were optimized to detect moving particles in the sensing volume and to provide the best image to count them. The CCN counter worked well in the particle number concentration range of 0.6–8000 #·cm^-3 and the minimum detectable size was found to be 0.5 μm. The supersaturation in the CCN counter with varying temperature difference was determined by using size-selected sodium chloride particles based on K?hler equation. The developed CCN counter was applied to investigate CCN activity of atmospheric ultrafine particles at 0.5% supersaturation. Data showed that CCN activity increased with increasing particle size and that the higher CCN activation for ultrafine particles occurred in the afternoon, suggesting the significant existence of hygroscopic or soluble species in photochemically-produced ultrafine particles.     

高污染下云凝结核对雨、雾滴谱的影响

利用气候基准站、云凝结核计数器、雾滴谱仪和雨滴谱仪等观测资料,分析威宁污染时期云凝结核（CCN）对雨雾滴谱的影响. 结果表明：观测期间威宁CCN数浓度很高,S=0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%时的平均CCN浓度分别为2884、8003、10470、11685cm^-3,与部分重污染城市相当;CCN有明显的日变化特征,分别在12：00、16：00和20：00出现峰值,与居民生活排放、火电源排放、湍流交换和气象条件等有关;利用N=CS^k式拟合威宁CCN活化谱,平均拟合参数C=14288cm^-3,k=0.8,表明该地属典型大陆型核谱;威宁冬季云层薄、云顶低的云系特点提供了宏观天气背景,高浓度CCN是导致此次雨、雾过程弱,滴谱窄的重要微观条件.     

Modification of cloud condensation nucleus activity of organic aerosols by hydroxyl radical heterogeneous oxidation

The modification of cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity of saturated organic particles resulting from heterogeneous oxidation by OH radicals was studied. Submicron Bis-2-ethylhexyl sebacate (BES) and stearic acid particles were exposed to OH radicals in a reactor flow tube and CCN activity was monitored. The hygroscopicity parameter, κ, for monodisperse stearic acid and BES particles of 145–150 nm in size increased from <0.008 up to 0.08 as a result of OH exposures equivalent to atmospheric exposure timescales of several days to a week. The oxidation of stearic acid particles led to a 50% reduction in particle volume at high OH exposures, indicating an enhanced degree of volatilization of oxidation products compared to oxidized BES particles, along with possible shape/phase change. Surface tension measurements of water extracts of oxidized BES films showed a significant reduction in surface tension due to oxidation. Köhler calculations modeling the CCN measurements suggest that the surface active oxidation products play an important role.