3D打印技术在固体废弃物资源循环中的应用

打印材料是限制3D打印技术发展和推广应用的瓶颈问题,目前已经发现部分固体废弃物与3D打印的契合度很高,可以用于制备3D打印材料.本文综述了4类可以用于3D打印的固体废弃物,包括硅铝基废弃物、农林废弃物、废旧塑料和废旧金属,着重讨论了这4类废弃物制备3D打印材料的方法以及废弃物的添加对原打印材料造成的影响,同时分析了当前...     

Estimating dyad association probability under imperfect and heterogeneous detection

In animal behaviour studies, association indices estimate the proportion of time two individuals (i.e. a dyad) spend in association. In terms of dyads, all association indices can be interpreted as estimators of the probability that a dyad is associated. However, traditional indices rely on the assumptions that the probability to detect a particular individual (p) is either approximately one and/or homogeneous between associated and not associated individuals. Based on marked individuals we develop a likelihood based model to estimate the probability a dyad is associated (ψ) accounting for p < 1 and possibly varying between associated and not associated individuals. The proposed likelihood based model allows for both individual and dyadic missing observations. In addition, the model can easily be extended to incorporate covariate information for modeling p and ψ. A simulation study showed that the likelihood based model approach yield reasonably unbiased estimates, even for low and heterogeneous individual detection probabilities, while, in contrast, traditional indices showed moderate to strong biases. The application of the proposed approach is illustrated using a real data set collected from a population of Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) in Patagonia Argentina. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of the proposed model and its applicability in animal behaviour and ecological studies.     

Real time remote monitoring of air pollutants and their online transmission to the web using internet protocol

Recent advances in both information and sensor technologies have enabled the development of Real Time Remote Monitoring (RTRM) capabilities for environmental management. An online and real time remote monitoring system for air pollution has been designed and installed at a traffic police station at Punjagutta in Hyderabad, India. The system is optimized using electrochemical sensors and a real time particulate matter analyzer. The system also monitors meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind speed and wind direction. The system periodically monitors both pollution and meteorological parameters at pre- programmed intervals of hr during peak periods and 1 hr during non peak periods of the day and continuously uploads to a predestinated web site (www.appcb.org/home.htm) using File Transfer Protocol. The web site renders a quick, simple and graphical display of air pollution levels and meteorological parameters and their significance to humans. The present paper highlights design considerations of a pollution monitoring system, system hardware and software requirements and practical limitations and future directions for real time remote monitoring of air pollution.     

陆地生态系统净第一性生产力过程模型研究综述

陆地生态系统净第一性生产力的模拟已从统计模型发展到过程模型时代。过程模型从机理上对植物的生物物理过程以及影响因子进行分析和模拟,理论框架完整,结构严谨。论文从植物器官、个体、冠层、景观以及区域等不同尺度对过程模型进行分析。近年来,由于遥感和GIS技术的支持,使得遥感过程模型融合了遥感及时、准确、宏观、多尺度的优势而成为当前生产力模型的主攻方向。遥感过程模型可实现生态系统NPP的及时模拟和动态监测,便捷、准确地反映NPP的时空变化格局。而在NPP建模过程中,尺度转换是所面临的一个重要问题。不同尺度模型间扩展时,需要采取相应的数学手段进行尺度转换,同时遥感和GIS技术提供了尺度转换的有力工具。综观我国NPP研究的发展,起步晚、发展快是其特点。虽然取得了大量的研究成果,但过程模型的建模方面还很不足,这是一个亟待解决的问题。     

黄河流域资源型城市工业绿色转型绩效评价及时空异质性特征

黄河流域资源型城市占流域城市总量半数以上,是流域可持续健康发展的重点地区。随着黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展上升为国家发展战略,科学评估流域内部资源型城市工业绿色转型绩效,识别发展短板和重点难点,对于提升流域发展活力、夯实高质量发展基础具有重要意义。该研究以黄河流域41座资源型城市为研究对象,通过构建工业绿色转型绩效指数,利用SBM‑Undesir‑ able和Malmquist‑Luenberger模型从发展态势和转型幅度两方面对2013—2019年工业绿色转型情况进行定量测度,分析不同类型资源型城市的工业绿色转型差异,并进一步对资源型城市工业转型绩效类型划分。研究发现：①当前黄河流域资源型城市工业绿色发展态势远未达到有效水平,规模化集聚发展是工业绿色转型的重要保障,从城市类型看成熟型和油气型城市发展态势较好,Moran指数结果显示研究区内工业绿色发展态势存在较为明显的空间依存关系,局部空间集聚的特征较为明显。②2013年以来黄河流域资源型城市工业绿色转型幅度较大,技术进步是推动资源型城市工业绿色转型幅度提升的主要原因,从城市类型看衰退型和油气类城市转型幅度明显高于其他类型城市,Moran指数结果显示工业转型幅度在空间上呈随机分布状态。③黄河流域资源型城市工业绿色转型绩效分化趋势较为明显,资源型城市发展态势间差异是造成绩效差异的主要原因,并可进一步划分为工业绿色转型区、发展态势滞后区、转型幅度滞后区以及工业绿色转型滞后区四种类型区。最后,针对不同类型区工业绿色转型特点提出了针对性的对策建议。     

延吉市产业结构调整与知识产业发展

延吉市土地面积小 ,水土资源紧张 ,人口与环境压力较大 ,但智力资源丰富。延吉市已经形成以二、三产业为主导的产业体系 ,但产业内部存在结构性问题。文章认为产业结构调整与发展知识产业相结合是实现城市可持续发展的重要途径 ,进而探讨了延吉市产业结构调整思路 ,提出知识产业发展方向。     

Education for sustainable development – an inter‐disciplinary pilot module for undergraduate engineers and scientists

The coming together of a number of initiatives provided a springboard for an innovative pilot programme in education for sustainable development. For some time problem‐based learning has gathered momentum as an approach to educating professionals. More recently, there has been a burgeoning interest in inter‐disciplinary approaches to the complex societal and environmental issues that face the world as a whole. At the same time, professional engineering institutions have been reflecting on appropriate approaches to the education and development of future engineers. Building on work already undertaken by some of the authors, the Royal Academy of Engineering sponsored an inter‐disciplinary pilot programme in sustainable development for undergraduate engineers and scientists in the University of Manchester. The pilot was innovative not only in its inter‐disciplinary approach to sustainable development but also in its approach to the development of the curriculum. Inter‐disciplinary exercises were designed that enabled a contextual, active, collaborative and cumulative approach to learning. The assessment was also designed to align to the learning approach. Evaluation of the pilot programme suggests that it was well received by the students, and the post‐doctoral researchers who acted as facilitators, and also that there were gains in both understanding of the issues and also in approaches to learning.     

资源型城市可持续发展能力的演变与调控

作为特殊的经济区，资源型城市的衰落与振兴日益成为社会关注的热点。本文从分析资源型城市可持续发展能力入手，论述了资源型城市发展能力的成长阶段及演变特征，提出了资源城市可持续发展能力调控的模式和途径。     

以可持续发展理论指导社会发展综合实验区的实践

社会发展综合实验区中中国可持续发展战略的实验基地，本文对实验区如何按可持续发展原则，结合当地的人口、资源、环境状况，制宁长远的可持续发展的生态规划做了较系统的论述。     

城市群综合承灾能力评价的RAGA-PP模型

为解决已有模型普遍存在的难以动态评价非线性寻优的现实问题,引入投影寻踪(PP)模型进行城市群综合承灾能力评价,并运用基于实数编码的加速遗传算法(RAGA)优化辅助多维数据空间拓扑结构的投影方向,对长三角城市群(YRDUA)地区进行实证研究。结果表明:RAGA-PP模型与典型的熵权法(EWM)、灰色关联分析法(GRA)评价结果具有高度一致性,且RAGA-PP评价结果更符合实际,表明RAGA-PP模型具有较强的精确性、稳健性和抗干扰性,不仅能够聚焦于优秀个体的取值区间来实现全局搜索和加速评估,也在较大程度上避免传统方法长期存在的权重设置主观性较强、高维数据不易处理的现实问题;另外,各子系统维度的目标投影值平均水平排序为:抗灾维度>防灾维度>救灾维度>恢复维度,表明抗灾维度指标对综合承灾力影响程度最大。