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David G. Victor 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(3):181-185
ABSTRACTScholars and practitioners have focused in recent years on the potential for achieving cooperation in small “clubs” of countries. While solutions to global climate change will eventually require widespread cooperation, club strategies could help to catalyze that outcome. Unlike the Paris Agreement, which has achieved widespread but relatively shallow cooperation, it could be easier to tailor agreements that allow deep cooperation within smaller groups. This essay extends that logic to clubs whose geometry varies two-dimensionally across countries but also along a third dimension: within countries. Most of the key elements of international relations and international law theory that explain how clubs achieve cooperation are directly applicable to three-dimensional clubs. Most of the relevant experience for these clubs has occurred in the west; overdue is a close assessment of how key units – such as provinces and firms – within China and other emerging economies. 相似文献
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The basic idea of LCA is that all environmental burdens connected with a product or service have to be assessed, back to the
raw materials and down to waste removal. Therefore, the term “Life Cycle Assessment” is more precise than the German “?kobilanz”
or the French “écobilan”. This basic idea is undoubtedly true, and LCA is the only environmental assessment tool which avoids
positive ratings for measurements which only consists in the shifting of burdens.
In the years from 1990 to 1993, SETAC and SETAC-Europe shaped the development of LCA in a series of important workshops culminating
in the “Code of Practice” of 1993. The results of these workshops can be illustrated by the famous SETAC-triangle. It shows
the basic structure which is now underlying the standardizing activities of ISO: 1. Goal definition and scoping, 2. Inventory
analysis, 3. Impact assessment, 4. Improvement assessment.
The structure recently defined by ISO differs from the SETAC structure only in the last element which is called “Interpretation”
in the international standard 14040. According to ISO, “Improvement Assessment” is only one of the many activities which may
follow LCA but is not part of the true analysis.
The components of an LCA are described and interpreted in detail, SETAC vs. ISO. Recent developments and activities initiated
by ISO, SPOLD and other organisations complete the review. 相似文献
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