车用三效催化剂的研究进展

三效催化剂是机外治理机动车尾气污染最常采用的有效方法，车用三效催化剂已发展到第4代。目前车用三效催化剂的研究主要集中在：开发稀燃型三效催化剂和紧耦合三效催化剂及发展三效催化剂低温冷起燃技术等。国内应以稀土添加少量贵金属的三效催化剂为主要研究方向，开发适合我国现状的车用净化催化剂技术。     

Microbial fuel cells: Advances in electrode modifications for improvement of system performance

There is an increasing trend to conduct the researches related to Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) in the recent years. Limited power output has been the major obstacle for the practical application and upscaling of MFCs. Attempts have been made on electrode modifications such as anode treatments, cathode modifications with catalysts and bio cathodes developments to produce varying degrees of improved output current depending upon the types of modifications. Power density and Coulombic efficiency have been considered as the important parameters to analyze the system performances. This paper overviews on the advances made in MFCs’ researches focusing on different types of electrodes modifications along with the involved methodology. Furthermore, the system performances of different modified MFCs are compared in terms of the power density and the Coulombic efficiency.     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

单斜相纳米氧化锆基低温SCR催化剂脱硝机制研究

以纳米m-ZrO2为载体,用浸渍法制备出MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2催化剂,考察反应温度、活性组分负载量对催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝活性影响,探讨催化剂表面织构特征,分析催化剂脱硝活性机制.结果表明,在低温脱硝温度范围,提高反应温度、增加活性组分负载量,有利于催化剂脱硝效率的增加.110℃时,2.5%MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2脱硝效率为55.5%,15%MnOxCeO2/m-ZrO2脱硝效率达93.5%.XRD、BET、XPS、H2-TPR表征结果表明,催化剂表面具有良好的氧化还原能力,表面织构对脱硝反应有利.NH3-TPD测试显示,MnOx-CeO2/m-ZrO2催化剂的脱硝反应机制为:NH3吸附在催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位和Brnsted酸性位上,通过反应生成相应中间产物NH2NO或NH4NO2,中间产物进一步分解最终转变为N2和H2O;催化剂总脱硝反应效率中,在Lewis酸性位上的脱硝反应占比较大.     

P204-P507-HCl体系回收废FCC催化剂中稀土的优化

针对废流化催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的资源化利用问题,采用溶剂萃取法从废FCC催化剂中高效回收稀土。对无机酸浸出过程、二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(P204)和2-乙基己基膦酸单2-乙基己基酯(P507)单独萃取稀土过程以及P204-P507复合萃取稀土过程分别进行了研究。结果表明,盐酸为最佳浸出剂,在最佳浸出条件(4 mol·L⁻¹盐酸溶液、浸出时间为4 h、60 ℃、固液比为1∶15)下,Ce和La的浸出率分别为99.7%和97.7%。萃取过程的最佳条件为萃取剂浓度1.5 mol·L⁻¹、浸出液初始pH=2.5,P204和P507对Ce和La的萃取率均较高,而P507对杂质铝的萃取率远低于P204。P204-P507复合萃取体系中P507体积比为0.2时,Ce和La的回收率分别达到80.4%和75.3%,略低于纯P204萃取体系,而杂质铝的回收率小于10.0%。P204-P507复合萃取体系能有效降低回收稀土中杂质铝的萃取量。本研究可为从废FCC催化剂中回收高纯度稀土提供参考。     

非均相高效催化剂在餐厨废油转化生物柴油中的应用

近年来,非均相催化剂在酯化和转酯化催化制备生物柴油中备受关注。综述了固体碱、固体酸、固定化酶等非均相高效催化剂在生物柴油制备中的研究进展,并展望了新型非均相催化剂在餐厨废油转化制备生物柴油的应用前景。     

Regeneration of commercial selective catalyst reduction catalysts deactivated by Pb and other inorganic elements

The regeneration of commercial SCR(Selective Catalyst Reduction) catalysts deactivated by Pb and other elements was studied.The deactivated catalyst samples were prepared by chemical impregnation with mixed solution containing K_2SO_4,Na_2SO_4,CaSO_4,Pb(NO_3)_2and NH_4H_2PO_4.A novel method combining Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt(EDTA-2Na) and H_2SO_4solution(viz.catalysts treated by dilute EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 solution in sequence) was used to recover the activity of deactivated samples,and the effect was compared with single H_2SO_4,oxalic acid,acetic acid,EDTA or HNO_3 solutions.The surface structure,acidity and reducibility of samples were characterized by N_2adsorption–desorption,inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),H-2-temperature programmed section(H_2-TPR),NH3-temperature programmed desorption(NH3-TPD) and in situ DRIFTS.Impurities caused a decrease of specific surface area and surface reducibility,as well as Br?nsted acid sites,and therefore led to severe deactivation of the SCR catalyst.The use of an acid solution alone possibly eliminated the impurities on the deactivated catalyst to some extent,and also increased the specific surface area and Br?nsted acid sites and promoted the surface reducibility,thus recovered the activity partially.The combination of EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 could remove most of the impurities and improve the activity significantly.The removal of Pb should be an important factor for regeneration.Due to a high removal rate for Pb and other impurities,the combination of EDTA-2Na and H_2SO_4 solutions provided the best efficiency.     

CuO对贵金属/CeO2/Al2O3催化剂的作用

制备含少量贵金属Ｐｔ、Ｐｄ的不同Ｃｕ和Ｃｅ摩尔含量比（０：１０,１：９,２：８）的催化剂,实验条件十加入ＣｕＯ可以提高Ｐｔ催化剂的二效活性;加入Ｃｕ：Ｃｅ＝２：８的ＣｕＯ降低了Ｐｄ催化剂的顾效性能,然而Ｃｕ：Ｃｅ＝１：９时可以改善Ｐｄ催化剂的三效催化性能。通过结构分析,认为ＣｕＯ的存在可以提高ｄ催化剂的比表面积,ＰｄＯ的分散度。     

V2O5/CeO2催化剂用于低温NH3-SCR的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列V2O5/CeO2催化剂,用于低温NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO.同时,考察了催化剂中V2O5负载量和煅烧温度对催化活性的影响,并运用SEM,BET和XRD物理化学技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,V2O5/CeO2催化剂对模拟烟气中的NO转化呈现出较高的活性,但是V2O5负载量和催化剂的催化活性并不呈线性递增的关系.当V2O5负载量超过10%时,催化剂的催化活性开始下降.随着煅烧温度的升高,由于钒酸铈的生成,催化剂的催化活性下降.400℃为最佳煅烧温度.     

Effect of CeO2 and Al2O3 on the activity of Pd/Co_3O_4/cordierite catalyst in the three-way catalysis reactions (CO/NO/CnHm)

The present article studies the effect of CeO₂ and Al₂O₃ on the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in conversion of NO, CO, C_nH_m. The catalysts were characterized by temperature programmed reduction with hydrogen, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the effect of CeO₂ on the properties of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst depends on preparation method. The catalyst obtained by co-deposition of cerium and cobalt oxides has higher activity in CO oxidation (CO + O₂ and CO + NO) and total hexane oxidation (C₆H₁₄ + O₂). Such phenomenon is probably caused by more than stoichiometric amount of formed oxygen vacancies, an increase in both mobility of surface oxygen and dispersity of components in the catalytic composition. It is demonstrated that CeO₂ addition promotes the SO₂ resistance of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite. The second support decreases the activity of Pd/Co₃O₄/cordierite catalyst in the reactions of CO and C₆H₁₄ with oxygen because of CoAl₂O₄ formation.