不同施肥措施对土壤活性有机碳的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同施肥措施下,华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中潮土土壤活性有机碳含量及组分的变化特征.结果表明,施肥显著增加土壤水溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,与不施肥相比,增加幅度分别为24.92～38.63 mg·kg-1和0.94～0.58 g·kg-1,其中单施有机肥对土壤水溶性有机碳含量增加作用大于配施化肥和化肥单施,单施有机肥或与化肥配施对土壤易氧化有机碳的提升效果优于单施化肥.有机肥或化肥单施对土壤微生物量碳没有显著促进作用,而有机肥与化肥配施土壤微生物量碳含量分别增加36.06%和20.69%;土壤易氧化有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比例变化范围分别为8.41%～14.83%、0.47%～0.70%和0.89%～1.20%,施肥显著提高了土壤水溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳比例,不同施肥措施对水溶性有机碳的提升效应没有显著差异.有机肥与化肥配施对易氧化有机碳的比例提升作用大于有机肥或化肥单施,同时显著增加土壤微生物量碳比例,但有机肥或化肥单施对土壤微生物量碳比例没有显著作用.可见,在试验地条件下,有机肥与化肥的适当配施对于增加土壤活性有机碳含量和有效调控其关键组分具有重要作用.     

EOC方法在煤矿安全生产事故中的应用研究

基于目前各种针对煤矿事故分析方法仍停留在对事故的预测估计、管理理念、法律上,提出EOC法,EOC方法是专门用于煤矿事故分析处理及控制的方法,通过采用一种改进的层次分析法进行分析,然后对结果进行目标控制,从而达到控制事故发生次数的目的.结合煤矿冒顶事故进行案例分析,结果表明:EOC相关性分析与ANP法相结合省去了层次分析前期的复杂因素分层,更加方便简单;导人事故发生的原因数据,可以动态地观测事故致因与时间的关系,方便管理者具体问题具体分析;可以控制事故发生尽量在一个目标水平之下,而且方便安全管理的绩效考评,对煤矿安全生产事故的预防控制具有一定的指导与推广意义.     

土壤碳收支对秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其机制

秸秆直接还田与秸秆炭化还田是目前最主要的秸秆还田措施.由于秸秆与秸秆生物炭结构和性质的差异以及还田过程的差异,其还田后的土壤呼吸和土壤碳收支必然有显著差异.采用室外盆栽的方式,以地肤草为目标植物,系统研究了土壤呼吸与土壤碳收支对多种秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其可能的机制.结果表明,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤呼吸[均值为21.69μmol·(m2·s)-1]显著低于秸秆直接还田[均值为65.32μmol·(m2·s)-1],土壤有机碳含量(均值为20.40 g·kg-1)和植物的固碳量(平均植物生物量138.56 g)均高于秸秆直接还田(均值为17.76 g·kg-1和76.76 g);考虑了生物炭制备过程的碳丢失后,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤碳收支仍显著高于秸秆直接还田,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田模式;秸秆直接还田显著促进土壤脱氢酶活性﹑土壤β-糖苷酶活性和土壤活性微生物量,因此导致较高的土壤呼吸,而生物炭还田土壤的微生物活性普遍较低;秸秆生物炭的易氧化态碳含量和可生物降解性均显著低于秸秆对照,表明秸秆生物炭稳定性较高,难以被土壤微生物降解利用,因此其还田后土壤微生物活性普遍较低,秸秆碳可在土壤中长期保存.     

Exudation of UV-light absorbing natural products by seedlings ofNuphar lutea

Summary Seedlings ofNuphar lutea (L.) Sm. were raised from seeds and cultivated in a synthetic sterile nutrient solution under physiologically controlled and undisturbed conditions. The extracellular release of carbon compounds from the plants into the surrounding medium was examined by direct carbon estimation, by various specific chemical assays and by HPLC analysis. Direct carbon estimation was not sensitive enough to obtain reliable values; five of six specific chemical assays also failed. Only the Folin-Denis assay indicated there was a production of phenolic compounds, which followed a linear course that took up to six days of incubation. The phenolic compounds ranged between 0.2 and 1.3 µg/h g dry weight. Rp-HPLC with UV detection yielded a major fraction containing at least five highly polar compounds (not retainable on reversed phase), and a minor fraction of at least eight less polar (rp-retainable) compounds. Exudation followed a linear course for some days up to a distinct level of saturation in the surrounding medium. Cultures incubated in light or absolute darkness exhibit the same production rates; however, lower temperatures caused significant reduction in the production rate and on the pattern of exuded compounds as well. After withdrawing the exuded compounds by rinsing the cultures, a new production can be repeatedly induced many times until the potential of the system is seemingly exhausted. Nuphar seedlings procedures are introduced as a new macrophyte system suitable for studying the mechanism of extracellular secretion among aquatic macrophytes.