Influence of the geomembrane on time-lapse ERT measurements for leachate injection monitoring

Leachate recirculation is a key process in the operation of municipal waste landfills as bioreactors. To quantify the water content and to evaluate the leachate injection system, in situ methods are required to obtain spatially distributed information, usually electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). However, this method can present false variations in the observations due to several parameters. This study investigates the impact of the geomembrane on ERT measurements. Indeed, the geomembrane tends to be ignored in the inversion process in most previously conducted studies. The presence of the geomembrane can change the boundary conditions of the inversion models, which have classically infinite boundary conditions. Using a numerical modelling approach, the authors demonstrate that a minimum distance is required between the electrode line and the geomembrane to satisfy the good conditions of use of the classical inversion tools. This distance is a function of the electrode line length (i.e. of the unit electrode spacing) used, the array type and the orientation of the electrode line. Moreover, this study shows that if this criterion on the minimum distance is not satisfied, it is possible to significantly improve the inversion process by introducing the complex geometry and the geomembrane location into the inversion tools. These results are finally validated on a field data set gathered on a small municipal solid waste landfill cell where this minimum distance criterion cannot be satisfied.     

ERT技术在无机酸污染场地调查中的应用

利用高密度电阻率法对硫酸废液污染的场地进行污染调查,由于硫酸废液侵入土壤,使其介质的溶质浓度发生了改变,导致SO₄2-与地表潜水作用,电传导性提高,被污染土壤含盐量增加,但是电阻率降低与未被硫酸废液侵入的土层形成了一定的电性差异. 通过二维和三维电阻率层析成像(ERT)技术,圈定硫酸废液侵入土壤中的分布范围、侵蚀深度以及扩散羽流等,并对ERT结果进行土工试验异常验证. 结果表明:硫酸废液污染土壤的视电阻率小于6.0 Ω·m,污染区域长度达25.0 m,深度约4.0 m;地表土污染长度为12.0 m,表面宽度约4.0 m,污染土壤的总体积约为222.0 m3.      

加强危险化学品企业救援队伍建设探讨

经过几十年的发展建设,危险化学品企业救援队伍数量和规模都得到较大增长,已成为是我国化学品事故应急救援的一支重要力量,但由于体制和机制的原因,危险化学品企业救援队伍却没有发挥其应有的作用,其优势和能力在危险化学品事故处置中没有得到充分发挥。通过对现有问题的深入分析,本文提出建立和完善有关法律法规、加强队伍管理、建立有效的运行机制,以加强队伍间的协同作战能力,扩大企业救援队伍的作业范围,切实提高危险化学品事故处置能力,有效应对危险化学品事故的易发和多发趋势。     

卫生垃圾填埋场边界的地电特性研究

研究卫生垃圾填埋场边界的地电特性,界定卫生垃圾填埋场边界有助于场地环境的维护和管理,采用电阻率二维层析成像技术中的3种装置排列(测深、温纳、偶极-偶极)对小型卫生垃圾填埋场模型进行对比测量,通过电阴率二维层析成像技术对填埋场边界的地电特性进行分析研究.研究结果表明,在测深和温纳两种装置排列,不能进行精确定位;而偶极-偶...     

基于ERT的垃圾厌氧填埋初期的水分运移过程研究

水分监测是填埋场运行过程中必不可少的一个方面,考虑到现有监测方法不容易得到垃圾内部的水分分布情况,本文将高密度电阻率成像法(ERT)用于监测生活垃圾在厌氧填埋初期的水分分布和运移过程研究.通过建立室内厌氧填埋模拟柱,应用取样分析、时域反射传感器(TDR)、高密度电阻率成像等方法对生活垃圾在厌氧填埋条件下初期两个月的降解和水分变化过程进行了监测与研究.结果表明,试验期间生活垃圾处于好氧降解过渡至厌氧降解的阶段.随着垃圾的降解,含水量呈现增加的趋势,在第30d之后,柱体内部存在明显的水分运移现象.在柱体下部单元层中,高密度电阻率成像法得到的垃圾电阻率值与时域反射传感器(TDR)测得的体积含水量之间存在明显的对应关系.根据电阻率与体积含水量的拟合公式,得到了柱体下部单元的含水量分布和储存水量的变化过程.储存水量的变化过程与质量含水量计算得到的结果是一致的,两者之间的可决系数达到0.9488.以上研究结果充分说明,在厌氧填埋初期,高密度电阻率成像法可以用于监测垃圾堆体内的含水量分布和水分运移过程.     

电阻率成像法在董志塬固沟保塬水分场监测中的应用

近年来,电阻率成像法(Electrical Resistivity Tomography,ERT)在土壤水分场监测方面受到广泛关注。为解决ERT测量结果难以直接表达土壤含水量的问题,以董志塬固沟保塬工程相关的五个试验点为研究对象,对每个试验点进行了ERT测量和土壤水分实时点位观测,建立了ERT测量的土壤电阻率与电容式水分传感器测量的土壤体积含水量之间的单变量函数模型。结果表明:幂函数模型能够较好地描述土壤电阻率与体积含水量之间的相关关系。此外,研究发现土壤含水量的实测值与估算值之间表现出极显著的线性相关关系,指示估算的土壤含水量有较高的准确性;同时发现当土壤含水量低于22%时,估算的含水量大于实测含水量;高于22%时,估算的含水量小于实测含水量。利用ERT测量的土壤电阻率,进行幂函数转换后形成二维土壤含水量信息,在董志塬固沟保塬二维土壤水分场监测中具有适用性。     

ERT技术界定卫生填埋场边界的试验研究

界定卫生垃圾填埋场边界有助于场地环境的维护和管理,采用电阻率二维层析成像技术中的3种装置排列(测深、温纳、偶极-偶极)对高阻体上表面特征进行试验模拟,并通过电阻率二维层析成像技术对垃圾填埋场边界的电性特征进行研究,在此基础上开展了现场勘查. 结果表明:在由测深和温纳2种装置排列所得到的二维反演图像中,高阻体的上表面与高阻区相切,误差达到25%,表明2种排列不能进行精确定位;而偶极-偶极的反演图像中高阻体的上表面在低阻区与高阻扩散末端的分界点上,反演精度较高,误差在5%以内.      

基于聚类算法的ERT污染区域识别方法

本文提出将聚类算法引入到ERT监测系统中，采用K均值（K-means）聚类、模糊C均值算法（FCM）以及混合高斯模型（GMM）3种常用聚类算法对ERT检测结果进行污染区域识别，通过一个数值模型分析了3种算法的识别效果.研究结果表明当污染区域与背景土壤的电阻率区分度较大时（电阻率差异性大于30%），采用3种聚类算法都可以识别出污染区域，K-means和FCM的识别效果优于GMM算法.最后，给出一个实际场地调查的应用案例.     

Enchytraeus crypticus as model species in soil ecotoxicology

Enchytraeids are ecologically relevant soil organisms, due to their activity in decomposition and bioturbation in many soil types worldwide. The enchytraeid reproduction test (ERT) guidelines ISO 16387 and OECD 220 are exclusive to the genus Enchytraeus and recommend using the species E. albidus with a 6-week test period. The suggested alternative, E. crypticus has a shorter generation time which may enable the ERT to be twice as fast. To confirm the suitability of a 3-week test period for E. crypticus, the toxicity of five chemicals, with distinct properties and modes of action, was assessed in LUFA 2.2 soil. In all controls the validity criteria were met, as survival of E. crypticus was above 92% and more than 772 juveniles were produced. The good performance supports its appropriateness as model species. Reproduction was more sensitive than survival, with only cadmium and 3,5-dichloroaniline causing significant lethal effects in the tested concentration ranges. The effect concentration causing 50% reduction in the number of juveniles (EC50) was 35 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium, <1.0 mg kg⁻¹ for carbendazim, 145 mg kg⁻¹ for phenanthrene, 275 mg kg⁻¹ for pentachloroaniline and 102 mg kg⁻¹ for 3,5-dichloroaniline. To evaluate the sensitivity of E. crypticus, the present results were compared to literature data for E. albidus. In conclusion, E. crypticus is a suitable model species in soil ecotoxicology, with advantages such as good control performance and speed, leading to a reliable and faster ERT.