Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

Fungal trophic modes and substrates utilization ability was observed in composting. Fungi had the higher diversity and more trophic types in thermophilic phase. Fungi had the higher metabolic potential in fresh swine manure and mature production. Redox potential, organics and moisture are main factors impacting fungal community. Composting reduced pathogenic fungi and enrich dung saprotroph fungi in swine manure. The succession of fungal community, trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing, FUNGuild and Biolog method, respectively. The result showed that the fungal community diversity reached to the highest level (76 OTUs) in the thermophilic phase of composting, then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation. There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure. Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91% on Day-10 but disappeared on Day-60. Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19% to 52.39% during the treatment. The fungal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase. The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that ORP (49.6%), VS/Ash (45.3%) and moisture (39.2%) were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.     

丹江口库区浮游真菌组成与功能及其影响因素

浮游真菌是水生态系统的重要组成部分,研究其群落组成和功能对于管理和维护丹江口水库生态环境具有重要意义.本实验采用Illumina公司MiSeq测序平台对2019年10月丹江口水库表层浮游真菌群落组成进行分析,并结合FUNGuild功能预测分析其生态功能.MiSeq测序结果表明丹江口水库浮游真菌由6门和213属组成,其中子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为优势种群.丹江口水库水质监测结果表明,其水质整体处于良好状态,符合Ⅰ或Ⅱ饮用水源标准.RDA分析表明氮磷营养盐（TN、TP）、水温（T）、氧化还原电位（ORP）和卡尔森营养状态指数（TLI）是影响浮游真菌分布的重要因素.Spearman秩相关分析表明,理化因子主要与链格孢属（Alternaria）、芽枝霉属（Cladosporium）、青霉属（Penicillium）、路德酵母属（Lodderomyces）和Acremonium等优势属呈显著相关.FUNGuild功能预测分析表明丹江口浮游真菌的营养型和功能群主要为病理营养型（pathotroph）、腐生营养型（saprotroph）和病理-腐生营养型（pathotroph-saprotroph）,其中黑鸡嘴样品植物病原菌（plant pathogen）和动物病原菌（animal pathogen）比例显著高于其他样品.本研究初步分析了丹江口库区浮游真菌群落组成和生态功能,表明其具有一定程度的潜在生态风险,后续丹江口水库生物监测中浮游真菌监测需要加以重视.     

岩溶区稻田土壤真菌群落结构及功能类群特征

真菌是土壤生物地球化学循环的重要驱动者,然而岩溶区土壤真菌群落结构和功能类群具有怎样的特征还未见报道.以桂林毛村岩溶试验场稻田耕层土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,比较岩溶区和非岩溶（红壤）区（对照）水稻生长季土壤真菌群落结构,并用FUNGuild对真菌进行功能预测.结果表明,毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）在岩溶区的平均相对丰度为4.87%,显著低于其在非岩溶区的平均相对丰度（29.92%）;被孢霉纲（Mortierellomycetes）在岩溶区的平均相对丰度为3.36%,显著低于其在非岩溶区的平均相对丰度（29.15%）,球囊菌纲（Glomeromycetes）、壶菌纲（Chytridiomycetes）和外担菌纲（Exobasidiomycetes）在岩溶区的平均相对丰度分别为0.91%、0.98%和0.23%,显著高于其在非岩溶区的平均相对丰度（0.47%、0.28%和0.04%）; Ramophialophora和翅孢壳菌属（Emericellopsis）在岩溶区的平均相对丰度分别为2.39%和1.25%,显著高于其在非岩溶区的平均相对丰度（0.05%和0.09%）,而被孢霉属（Mortierella）在岩溶区的平均相对丰度为3.04%,显著低于其在非岩溶区的平均相对丰度（28.34%）.岩溶区优势OTUs为OTU141、99和192等32个OTUs;在优势OTUs和土壤理化性质相关性网络图中,岩溶区的OTU69（Emericellopsis terricola）和OTU138（Westerdykella globosa）与阳离子交换量、交换性钙离子和总磷的连接度较高.共生营养型和病理-腐生过渡型在岩溶区平均丰度分别为1.29%和1.50%,显著高于其在非岩溶区的平均丰度（0.08%和0.09%）,而腐生-共生过渡型在岩溶区的平均丰度为10.81%,显著低于其在非岩溶区的平均丰度（63.69%）;岩溶区和非岩溶区最优势真菌分别是粪腐生-木质腐生菌和内生菌根-植物病原-未定义腐生菌,平均丰度分别占优势OTUs的9.73%和45.93%.以上研究表明,岩溶区稻田较高的阳离子交换量、交换性钙和总磷等土壤因子对优势真菌群落和功能类群的构建具有重要的作用.