截齿截割煤体变形破坏过程数值模拟研究

采用应变软化的模型,使用连续介质快速拉格朗日分析法(FLAC,FastLagrangianAnaly-sisofContinue)进行数值模拟计算;研究截齿截割作用下煤体变形破坏过程;分析各种工况下不同参数对煤体塑性区、最大位移、最大主应力、最大剪应力的影响。研究表明:截割力与塑性区大小成正比,位移、剪应力、主应力随截割力增大而增大;截深与塑性区大小成反比;截割角度与塑性区面积关系密切,试验用煤体最佳截割角度为5°左右;截割速度增加,塑性区面积减小;通过分析截割动态过程,得到位移矢量图及剪应变等值线图,发现截割过程中煤体的破坏是拉、剪联合作用的结果,以剪破坏为主。     

再生水中5种抗生素抗性菌的紫外线灭活及复活特性研究

抗生素抗性菌作为再生水中的新兴污染物而受到广泛关注.为探明紫外线对抗生素抗性菌的灭活和消毒后抗性菌的复活潜能,研究了以城市污水为水源的再生水(简称"再生水")中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌、氯霉素抗性菌和利福平抗性菌的紫外线灭活特性,并考察了再生水中的抗生素抗性菌在黑暗条件下的复活潜能.结果表明,20mJ·cm-2紫外线消毒剂量下,实际再生水中青霉素抗性菌、氨苄青霉素抗性菌、头孢氨苄抗性菌和氯霉素抗性菌的灭活率均高于4-log,与总异养菌群灭活率相当,而利福平抗性菌的灭活率(3.7-log)略低于总异养菌群.紫外线消毒后,再生水静置22 h后,抗生素抗性菌普遍出现复活现象,当紫外线消毒剂量为常规剂量20 mJ·cm-2时,消毒后再生水中的抗生素抗性菌菌落形成能力高达3-log.因此,常规的紫外线消毒剂量不能有效控制再生水储存或运输过程中抗生素抗性菌的复活.     

Modeling potential herbicide loss to surface waters on the Swiss plateau

Lack of sufficiently detailed data often limits the applicability of complex transport-reaction models for estimating potential herbicide loss to surface waters. Therefore, there is also a need for simple models that are easy to apply but still capture the main features of the underlying processes.In this study, a simple regression model was developed to assess the vulnerability of catchments in the Swiss Plateau to diffuse herbicide loss to surface waters. The model is designed as a screening tool to rank the catchments in a relative sense and not to calculate Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PEC) of pesticides. The main goal is to capture two dominating factors controlling diffuse herbicide transport into streams and rivers. These factors are herbicide application and fast flow processes that are mainly responsible for herbicide transport. In a first step vulnerability of sites to herbicide loss is estimated based on site-specific conditions irrespective of actual herbicide application. In the second step, this vulnerability assessment is combined with actual herbicide application data to estimate the potential herbicide loss.The fast flow index (FFI), derived from discharge data using a base flow separation method, was applied as a proxy for the amount of fast flow occurring. The influence of catchment attributes (including topographic, climatic and soil data) on the FFI was analyzed using a multiple regression approach based on data from 57 catchments of the Swiss Plateau. By combining regression analysis with mechanistic knowledge, a two factor non-linear model based on river density and soil permeability as dominant input factors was selected as the best model for FFI prediction given the available data. Higher dimensional models had to be excluded because the strong correlation between the potential input factors led to unrealistic dependences while only minimally improving the quality of the fit.The spatial pattern of the predicted FFI as a measure for the vulnerability to diffuse herbicide losses shows a clearly increasing trend from the western to the eastern part of the Swiss Plateau and towards the pre-alpine/alpine regions in the south.In general the pattern of herbicide use corresponds to site conditions typical of a low FFI. However, the spatial analysis revealed exceptions, namely areas in which high actual herbicide use coincides with a high FFI.Despite the uncertainties in the model, this simple approach seems to be useful for supporting site-adapted agricultural practice whenever the higher accuracy of more detailed models is not required or too expensive to achieve. In addition, in combination with data on actual herbicide application, it can support the design of monitoring strategies by identifying critical areas of actual herbicide loss.     

Scale effects on hydrogen–air fast deflagrations and detonations in small obstructed channels

An experimental study of flame propagation, acceleration and transition to detonation in hydrogen–air mixture in 2-m-long rectangular cross-section channel filled with obstacles located at the bottom wall was performed. The initial conditions of the hydrogen–air mixture were 0.1 MPa and 293 K and stoichiometric composition (29.6% H₂ in air). The channel width was 0.11 m and blockage ratio was 0.5 in all experiments. The effect of channel geometrical scale on flame propagation was studied by using four channel heights H of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 m. In each case, the obstacle height was equal to H/2 and the obstacle spacing was 2H.

The propagation of flame and pressure waves was monitored by four pressure transducers and four ion probes. The pairs of transducers and probes were placed at various locations along the channel in order to get information about the progress of the phenomena along the channel.

As a result of the experiments, the deflagration and detonation regimes and velocities of flame propagation in the obstructed channel were established.     

厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养研究

为了防止微生物流失,向厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中投加纤维膜(无纺布)作为厌氧氨氧化菌的载体,而使ASBR改为厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR),研究了厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养过程中氮负荷提高对ASBBR的影响。经过23d的培养,厌氧氨氧化菌的活性恢复到原有的水平,然后提高TN容积负荷培养厌氧氨氧化菌。至132d时,反应器TN容积去除负荷达到了2.060kg/(m3·d)。整个过程中NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率一直保持在98%以上。当厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复后,NH4+-N、NO2--N消耗量与NO3--N生成量之比最终趋于一定值(1.00∶1.30∶0.25)。在培养过程中,污泥颜色逐渐由灰色变为红棕色,最终变为浅红色。结果表明,反应器运行很稳定,NH4+-N、NO2--N出水浓度非常低,在短时间内能提高到较高的容积去除负荷。可见,ASBBR很适合厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养。     

Alternative method to prevent thermal runaway in case of error on operating conditions continuous reactor

Thermal runaway was studied in a continuous tubular pilot reactor under steady-state regime. Different accident scenarii were conducted by making some errors on reactant concentrations and/or temperature feed. To prevent thermal runaway, control by direct contact by solvent injection was used at different reactor locations. This injection allowed controlling the maximum reaction temperature. A simplified analytical method to estimate the maximum reaction temperature along the reactor was used.Benefit of this control method was the diminution of computational time. Furthermore, by injecting solvent to control maximum reaction temperature, there is no need to shut down the unit. The control method was validated experimentally.     

长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥活性的恢复

为探究长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的脱氮性能,采用CSTR反应器,接种4℃下储存了10个月的亚硝化絮状污泥,考察其活性恢复性能,并采用Mi Seq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物菌群结构的变化情况.结果表明,控制DO为0.4~0.8mg·L~(-1)、pH值8左右、温度为(30±1)℃等条件,长期储存亚硝化絮状污泥的活性可以在15 d内迅速恢复,氨氮去除率和亚硝积累率均达到90%以上;此外,污泥颜色由接种初期的灰黑色迅速恢复至棕黄色,SVI值显著降低,MLVSS/MLSS升高,EPS含量明显增加.随着亚硝化性能的恢复,厌氧、发酵微生物被洗脱,Nitrosomonas等氨氧化细菌相对丰度显著增加,同时,Nitrospria等硝化菌的生长得到了有效抑制.经历长期储存的亚硝化絮状污泥可作为实现短程硝化快速启动的接种污泥,更有利于短程硝化工艺的实际应用.     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置后活性恢复研究

利用气提式内循环间歇反应器(SBAR)考察好氧硝化颗粒污泥搁置2个月后重新投入运行, 其物理性状和微生物活性的恢复情况. 结果表明, 搁置后颗粒由棕黄色转为灰黑色, 粒径及沉降速率无明显变化. 颗粒重新投入反应器, 2周后颜色基本恢复; 污泥浓度、颗粒粒径以及沉降速率迅速增加; 颗粒中异养菌活性在1 d内即可恢复至原水平的86％, COD去除活性5 d后完全恢复, 去除率稳定在80%以上. 活性恢复阶段采用较高的曝气量和较长的循环时间有利于硝化菌的活性恢复, 第41 d曝气量由0.05 m³·h^-1提高到0.10 m³·h^-1后, 亚硝酸菌和硝酸菌活性分别由原水平的88%和82%提高到122%和92%, 氨氮去除率由之前的80% ～ 90%迅速提高到96%以上; 第65 d循环时间由4 h延长至6 h使硝酸菌的活性得到了完全恢复.     

长期储存亚硝化颗粒污泥的活化及菌群结构变化

采用无机人工配水,通过逐级提高进水氨氮负荷(0.32~0.64kg/(m³·d))和设定合适的初始游离氨浓度(3.7~7.2mg/L),在SBR反应器中对常温(24~29℃)下储存1a的亚硝化颗粒污泥(NGS)进行了活化,并使用Miseq高通量测序技术分析了污泥中微生物多样性的变化情况.结果表明,NGS的亚硝化性能可在短时间内恢复.运行8d后,反应器的氨氮去除率达到95%以上,亚硝态氮累积率超过了80%,但污泥粒径持续减小,胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显降低.活化至第20d,NGS的氨氮比去除速率和亚硝态氮比累积速率分别达到24.6mg/(gVSS·h)、23.8mg/(gVSS·h),平均粒径稳定在0.5mm左右.在活化期间,绝大部分厌氧、异养菌属被洗脱,污泥的微生物多样性显著降低.Nitrosomonas等氨氧化菌的相对丰度由活化前的1%上升至约58%,同时,Nitrospira等硝化菌的生长受到了选择性抑制.这意味着即使经历长期的常温储存,NGS仍可作为SBR的接种污泥,实现反应器的快速启动.     

快速模拟退火组合优化法在区域水环境质量评价中的应用

以地表水环境质量准标为基础,设定水体污染物的基准值,构建用于水体的一种环境质量评价的模型,利用快速模拟退火组合优化法对相关参数进行优化,而得到一个对多种水污染物都适用的综合水体环境质量评价指数公式。该公式形式简单,计算容易,评价结果具有可比性。