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Recent studies showed that nectar odors brought back by honeybee foragers can be learned associatively inside the hive. In
the present study, we focused on the learning abilities of bees, which directly interact via trophallaxis with the incoming
nectar foragers: the workers that perform nectar-receiving tasks inside the hive. Workers that have received food directly
from foragers coming back from a feeder offering either unscented or scented sugar solution [phenylacetaldehyde (PHE) or nonanal
diluted] were captured from two observational hives, and their olfactory memories were tested using the proboscis extension
response paradigm. Bees that have received scented solution from incoming foragers showed significantly increased response
frequencies for the corresponding solution odor in comparison with those that have received unscented solution. No differences
in the response frequencies were found between food odors and colonies. The results indicate that first-order receivers learn
via trophallaxis the association between the scent and the sugar solution transferred by incoming foragers. The implications
of these results should be considered at three levels: the operational cohesion of bees involved in foraging-related tasks,
the information propagation inside the hive related to the floral type exploited, and the putative effect of these memories
on future preferences for resources. 相似文献
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Frank Marlowe 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,46(1):57-64
Paternal care figures prominently in many scenarios of human evolution. Recently, however, such scenarios have been challenged
on two scores. First, the level of male contribution may be insignificant. Second, male care may be provided as a form of
mating effort, rather than parenting effort. In theory, since men can enhance their Darwinian fitness both by providing care
to their own offspring if this raises offspring fitness and by pursuing additional mates if this leads to additional offspring,
men should respond to payoffs from both mating and parenting effort. If men respond to payoffs from parenting effort, paternity
ought to make a difference. And if men respond to payoffs from mating effort, mating opportunities ought to make a difference.
I analyzed the impact of these two factors on variation in male care among the Hadza, a foraging society in Tanzania. Two
predictions were tested: (1) biological children will receive more care than stepchildren, and (2) men will provide less care
to their biological children as their mating opportunities increase. Both predictions were supported. These results suggest
men provide care, in part, as parenting effort, and that they trade off parenting effort for mating effort when they have
greater mating opportunities.
Received: 21 January 1998 / Received in revised form: 24 January 1999 / Accepted: 1 February 1999 相似文献
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