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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
层次分析法(AHP)巳在环境科学研究中得到广泛应用。为了科学地应用群组AHP进行环境科学研究,本文提出一种几何距离最小二乘方法(GLSM)用于解决群组AHP排序问题。鉴于不同专家所给判断矩阵质量上的差异,GLSM排序方法对群组AHP进行不同程度的加权处理,并进行群组一致性检验。 相似文献
3.
Jennifer E. Smith Sandra K. Memenis Kay E. Holekamp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(5):753-765
When social partners vary in their relative value, individuals should theoretically initiate partnerships with conspecifics
of the highest value. Here, we tested this prediction in a wild population of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta). Crocuta live in complex, fission–fusion societies structured by dominance hierarchies in which individuals vary greatly in their
value as social companions. Because patterns of association among Crocuta reflect social preferences, we calculated association indices (AIs) to examine how social rank influences intrasexual partner
choice among unrelated adults of both sexes. The highest-ranking individuals were generally most gregarious in both sexes.
Females associated most often with dominant and adjacent-ranking females. Females joined subgroups based on the presence of
particular conspecifics such that subordinates joined focal females at higher rates than did dominants. Dominants benefit
from associations with subordinates by enjoying priority of access to resources obtained and defended by multiple group members,
but the benefits of these associations to subordinates are unknown. To investigate this, we tested three hypotheses suggesting
how subordinates might benefit from rank-related partner choice among unrelated females. We found that subordinates who initiated
group formation benefited by gaining social and feeding tolerance from dominants. However, rates at which dominants provided
coalitionary support to subordinates did not vary with AIs. Overall, our data resemble those documenting patterns of association
among cercopithecine primates. We consider our results in light of optimal reproductive skew theory, Seyfarth’s rank attractiveness
model, and biological market theory. Our data are more consistent with the predictions of Seyfarth’s model and of biological
market theory than with those of skew theory. 相似文献
4.
胡水龙 《再生资源与循环经济》2011,4(11)
山西潞安集团充分发挥自身煤炭资源和区位发展优势,以煤的深度转化为主线,着力探索实践煤基合成油项目,延伸发展煤基多联产产业化,产出了煤基合成油,建成了煤油循环经济园区,走出一条“高碳能源,低碳利用”的循环经济之路。对潞安集团煤油循环经济园区进行全面的研究和介绍,以期为煤炭工业可持续发展提供一种全新的视角和思路。 相似文献
5.
Using Multicriteria Methods in Environmental Planning and Management 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
In environmental planning and decision processes several alternatives are analyzed in terms of multiple noncommensurate criteria,
and many different stakeholders with conflicting preferences are involved. Based on our experience in real-life applications,
we discuss how multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) methods can be used successfully in such processes. MCDA methods support
these processes by providing a framework for collecting, storing, and processing all relevant information, thus making the
decision process traceable and transparent. It is therefore possible to understand and explain why, under several conflicting
preferences, a particular decision was made. The MCDA framework also makes the requirements for new information explicit,
thus supporting the allocation of resources for the process. 相似文献
6.
T. R. Pope 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,48(4):253-267
Evaluation of evolutionary mechanisms proposed to promote cooperative behavior depends on the relative influence of the behavior
on the reproductive success of individuals, the reproductive success of the group in which they interact behaviorally, and
the degree of gene correlation among cooperators. The genetic relationship within cooperative coalitions of female red howler
monkeys was examined for three populations with different densities and growth rates. Patterns of gene correlation change
within coalitions is documented using data from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, and long-term census monitoring. Differences
in fecundity and infant survivorship within and between groups of unrelated (rˉ=0) and related (rˉ≥ 0.25) females are compared. Females that emigrate from their natal groups form coalitions with other migrant females. These
coalitions attempt to establish a territory and, once successful in producing offspring, exclude other females from feeding
resources. Females in these coalitions had different mtDNA haplotypes and a genetically estimated mean r of 0, supporting demographic data on emigration patterns indicating that these females rarely have the opportunity to form
coalitions with kin. Patterns of recruitment and rate of matriline development within social groups supported behavioral data
indicating that females actively attempt to promote their own matriline as breeders over that of other females, and that some
matrilines are more successful at this than others. Mean r among females was significantly higher in coalitions established as social groups for several generations (rˉ=0.44). In these groups, females all shared the same mtDNA haplotype, and mtDNA haplotype divergence was significantly higher
between than within groups. Females in coalitions with kin had significantly higher reproductive success than females in unrelated
coalitions in all populations. This difference was not a function of coalition size, number of males, socionomic sex ratio,
or primiparity, although anecdotal evidence suggests that allomothering may compensate for inept new mothers in related coalitions
more often than in unrelated ones. Differences in territory quality could not be ruled out as a potential causal factor in
the saturated populations, but were unlikely in the low-density, growing population. There were substantial differences among
long-established coalitions in overall reproductive output in all three populations, and this was significantly correlated
with the number of breeding females. Increase in coalition size was a function of both group age and the behavioral tolerance
among females. Regardless of the underlying reasons for the patterns observed, reproductive success clearly increases with
degree of gene correlation among females within cooperative coalitions, and coalitions that recruit more daughters produce
more offspring. The nature of the cooperative relationship among group females directly influences both of these outcomes.
This is associated with substantial genetic differentiation among social groups within populations, creating conditions in
which genetic tendencies towards cooperative behavior can become tightly associated with group reproductive success.
Received: 15 September 1999 / Revised: 27 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 May 2000 相似文献
7.
8.
A swarm of honeybees provides a striking example of an animal group performing a synchronized departure for a new location;
in this case, thousands of bees taking off at once to fly to a new home. However, the means by which this is achieved remain
unclear. Shortly before takeoff, one hears a crescendo of a high-pitched mechanical signal—worker piping—so we explored the
role of this signal in coordinating a swarm’s mass takeoff. Specifically, we examined whether exclusively nest site scouts
produce the worker piping signal or whether it is produced in a relay or chain reaction fashion. We found no evidence that
bees other than the scouts that have visited the swarm’s chosen nest site produce piping signals. This absence of relay communication
in piping suggests that it is a signal that only primes swarms for takeoff and that the release of takeoff is triggered by
some other signal or cue; perhaps the takeoff of bees on the swarm periphery as they reach flight temperature in response
to piping. 相似文献
9.
Janette Wenrick Boughman 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(6):766-777
Many studies assume that selection molds social traits and have investigated the manner in which this occurs, yet very few studies have measured the strength of selection on social traits in natural populations. In this paper, I report results of phenotypic selection analyses on two social traits – the size of social groups and the frequency of group foraging – in Phyllostomus hastatus, the greater spear-nosed bat. I found significant positive directional selection on individual group foraging frequency, but no directional selection on individuals in different-sized social groups. These results have implications for the structure of social groups, cooperative behavior among group mates, and maternal investment strategies. I argue that combining studies of natural selection on wild populations with experiments to identify the agents and mechanisms of selection can do much to increase our understanding of social evolution. 相似文献
10.
Choosing a home: how the scouts in a honey bee swarm perceive the completion of their group decision making 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
Thomas?D.?SeeleyEmail author P.?Kirk?Visscher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):511-520
This study considers the mystery of how the scout bees in a honey bee swarm know when they have completed their group decision making regarding the swarm's new nest site. More specifically, we investigated how the scouts sense when it is appropriate for them to begin producing the worker piping signals that stimulate their swarm-mates to prepare for the flight to their new home. We tested two hypotheses: "consensus sensing," the scouts noting when all the bees performing waggle dances are advertising just one site; and "quorum sensing," the scouts noting when one site is being visited by a sufficiently large number of scouts. Our test involved monitoring four swarms as they discovered, recruited to, and chose between two nest boxes and their scouts started producing piping signals. We found that a consensus among the dancers was neither necessary nor sufficient for the start of worker piping, which indicates that the consensus sensing hypothesis is false. We also found that a buildup of 10–15 or more bees at one of the nest boxes was consistently associated with the start of worker piping, which indicates that the quorum sensing hypothesis may be true. In considering why the scout bees rely on reaching a quorum rather than a consensus as their cue of when to start preparing for liftoff, we suggest that quorum sensing may provide a better balance between accuracy and speed in decision making. In short, the bees appear to begin preparations for liftoff as soon as enough of the scout bees, but not all of them, have approved of one of the potential nest sites.
相似文献
Thomas D. SeeleyEmail: Fax: +1-607-2544308 |