新型转式垃圾焚烧过程中脱氯脱硫机理的研究

为了探讨有机垃圾焚烧过程钙基添加剂对HCl,SO_x生成特性的影响,分别在自行设计的中空水冷转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中进行了一系列的实验,研究结果表明新型转式焚烧炉具有强化传热传质特性,能提高HCl、SO_x的脱除率,可抑制有害气体的生成;同时也研究了 HCl,SO₂气体同时存在时,钙基添加剂对脱氯脱硫效率的影响规律。     

Uncertainties in a risk management context in early phases of offshore petroleum field development

The current risk management approach for the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry came into effect in 2001 and has been stable with minor changes for 15 years. Relatively few new installations were slated for development until quite recently, and several new projects have been started in the last few years. The paper considers the risk management approach in the pre-FEED phase and builds on two case studies selected from the most recent cases. These case studies have been evaluated with respect to how uncertainties are considered in the early phase, based on the submission of the Plan for Development and Operation, their evaluations by authorities and the supporting documents. Both case studies involve new concepts for which there is no experience from similar environments and/or water depths. In spite of what could have been expected, the case studies conclude that uncertainties have not been in focus at all during concept development. This appears to be definitely the case for the licensees, but also to be the case for the authorities. Some suggestions are presented for what could have been considered by the licensees and authorities.     

Physical state and biodegradation behavior of starch-polycaprolactone systems

The biodegradation behavior of insoluble crystalline polymers depends on both chemical structure and physical state. The physical state is strongly affected by the molding conditions; moreover the presence of natural hydrophylic substances such as starch can further influence the biodegradation process. This paper examines the biotic and abiotic degradation of thick injection-molded parts, made of pure poly--caprolactone (PCL) at different molecular weights, and of PCL in the presence of starch in the case of a commercial grade of Mater-Bi, produced by Novamont. The abiotic degradation was studied at 25 and 50°C, whereas the biotic degradation was followed in conditions of SCAS (semicontinuous activated sludges) at 25 and 50°C, soil burial, and controlled composting. The physical-chemical modifications provoked at the surface and in the bulk of the samples by the different types of degradation were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, viscometric and gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical modifications induced by the different environments were followed by tensile tests. It was demonstrated that the presence of starch significantly increases the apparent biodegradation rate of PCL, making even thick parts of ZI01U compatible with the composting process.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

无锡市机动车尾气污染及防治初探

以无锡市市区3种典型道路作为研究对象，通过对道路二侧呼吸带空气中CO、NOx、HC、Pb、TSP等污染物浓度的分析，评述道路交通污染特征和治理效果，从而提出了治理交通污染的对策与建议。     

富含钙/铝的污泥生物炭复合材料对水溶液中磷酸盐的吸附机制

剩余污泥富含有机物,同时也含有重金属和病原体等有害物质.以水铝钙石和剩余污泥为原料,通过共混凝和共热解技术制备生物炭以降低污泥中重金属溶出风险,并对其磷酸盐吸附性能开展研究.结果表明,污泥生物炭中的Zn、Cu、Cd和Ni浸出量随水铝钙石投加量的增加而减少.水铝钙石与剩余污泥质量比为1∶1时,共热解制备得到的富含钙/铝污泥生物炭复合材料(1∶1HB800)重金属浸出风险最低,并对磷酸盐表现出较高的吸附能力,其过程可用Langmuir吸附等温线(R²=0.93)拟合,在25℃条件下对磷的最大吸附容量为51.38 mg·g^-1.1∶1HB800对高浓度磷的吸附过程符合拟二阶动力学模型,吸附速率由表面吸附和颗粒内扩散共同控制.相较于中性溶液,1∶1HB800对酸性和碱性水溶液中的磷酸盐具有更好的去除效果,这与1∶1HB800中钙/铝在不同pH条件下的浸出量及铝元素的存在形式有关.FTIR、XRD、SEM、零点电位和钙/铝离子的浸出实验分析结果表明,1∶1HB800对磷的吸附机制主要是共沉淀(Ca²⁺/Al³⁺     

SeaNine 211 as antifouling biocide: A coastal pollutant of emerging concern

SeaNine 211, with 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) being the biocidal ingredient, is a widely-used antifouling agent to deter the undesirable biofouling phenomenon. It is commercially promoted as an environmentally acceptable antifoulant mainly due to its claimed rapid degradation in marine environment. However, increasing researches document varying degradative kinetics in different environments, proving that SeaNine 211 is actually not degraded equally fast around the world (half-life between < 1 day and 13.1 days). Large-scale application of SeaNine 211 in antifouling coatings has also caused global contamination of marine environment in various compartments. For example, accumulation of SeaNine 211 is detected as high as 3700 ng/L in Spanish seawater and 281 ng/g dry weight in Korean sediment. Considering that SeaNine 211 is highly toxic against non-target marine organisms, environmental risk assessment finds that most marine organisms are endangered by SeaNine 211 in worst-case scenario. Its endocrine disrupting and reproductive impairing effects at environmentally worst-case concentrations further constitute a long-term threat to the maintenance of population stability. Therefore, in the light of the varying degradability, environmental pollution and high toxicity, especially the endocrine disruption, SeaNine 211 as an antifouling agent is likely to cause non-negligible damages to the marine ecosystem. There is an urgency to perform a systematic ecological risk assessment of SeaNine 211 to prevent the potential impacts on the health of marine environment. A regular monitoring also becomes necessary to place the usage of antifouling biocides under control.     

防污剂Sea-Nine211的环境归宿及其生态毒性研究进展

Sea-Nine211因易降解、生物富集性小而成为世界上广泛使用的新型防污剂。目前关于Sea-Nine211在环境中的迁移、转化和稳定性等的研究资料很少,为评估Sea-Nine211对环境生态系统造成的潜在危害,文章就其在水环境中的转归及其生态毒性等方面进行综述,并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

二冲程摩托车尾气净化催化剂的制备与评价

采用分步浸渍法制备了二冲程摩托车尾气净化催化剂Pt Co Cu/γ -Al2 O3。运用XRD、BTT法、气相色谱、分光光度法等手段进行结构表征及活性评价。结果表明 ,催化剂中的活性非贵金属的高分散金属态和周期性转化的氧化态是催化作用的活性中心 ,微量贵金属在催化剂中是必需的 ,并且该催化剂冷起性能好 ,对净化二冲程摩托车尾气有较显著的效果 ,能氧化绝大部分HC ,对CO也有一定的氧化作用 ,且能还原一定的NOx。     

An improved index for monitoring metal pollutants in surface sediments

An approach for defining the quality of surface sediments of limited areas in terms of heavy metal contents is proposed. Sediments were taken on a bi‐dimensional mapping, for checking possible different sources of pollution in the case study, a harbour zone. Non residual metals were determined by ICP‐AES in cold diluted hydrochloric acid leachates of sediments. An “enrichment factor”;, r, can be computed for each metal: metals with r values exceeding unity can be considered as indicators of metal pollution. A “total enrichment factor”;, R, was proposed in order to assess the degree of pollution of sediments for each site. R is an adimensional value that accounts for the presence of metals that exceed threshold values determined by background concentrations.     

Statistical uncertainty in hazardous terrestrial concentrations estimated with aquatic ecotoxicity data

Since chemicals’ ecotoxic effects depend for most soil species on the dissolved concentration in pore water, the equilibrium partitioning (EP) method is generally used to estimate hazardous concentrations (HC50) in the soil from aquatic toxicity tests. The present study analyzes the statistical uncertainty in terrestrial HC50s derived by the EP-method. For 47 organic chemicals, we compared freshwater HC50s derived from standard aquatic ecotoxicity tests with porewater HC50s derived from terrestrial ecotoxicity tests. Statistical uncertainty in the HC50s due to limited species sample size and in organic carbon–water partitioning coefficients due to predictive error was treated with probability distributions propagated by Monte Carlo simulations. Particularly for specifically acting chemicals, it is very important to base the HC50 on a representative sample of species, composed of both target and non-target species. For most chemical groups, porewater HC50 values were approximately a factor of 3 higher than freshwater HC50 values. The ratio of the porewater HC50/freshwater HC50 was typically 3.0 for narcotic chemicals (2.8 for nonpolar and 3.4 for polar narcotics), 0.8 for reactive chemicals, 2.9 for neurotoxic chemicals (4.3 for AChE agents and 0.1 for the cyclodiene type), and 2.5 for herbicides–fungicides. However, the statistical uncertainty associated with this ratio was large (typically 2.3 orders of magnitude). For 81% of the organic chemicals studied, there was no statistical difference between the hazardous concentration of aquatic and terrestrial species. We conclude that possible systematic deviations between the HC50s of aquatic and terrestrial species appear to be less prominent than the overall statistical uncertainty.