Hydrogen storage and distribution systems

Hydrogen storage and transportation or distribution is closely linked together. Hydrogen can be distributed continuously in pipelines or batch wise by ships, trucks, railway or airplanes. All batch transportation requires a storage system but also pipelines can be used as pressure storage system. Hydrogen exhibits the highest heating value per weight of all chemical fuels. Furthermore, hydrogen is regenerative and environment friendly. There are two reasons why hydrogen is not the major fuel of toady’s energy consumption: First of all, hydrogen is just an energy carrier. And, although it is the most abundant element in the universe, it has to be produced, since on earth it only occurs in the form of water. This implies that we have to pay for this energy, which results in a difficult economic task, because since the industrialization we are used to consuming energy for free. The second difficulty with hydrogen as an energy carrier is the low critical temperature of 33 K, i.e. hydrogen is a gas at room temperature. For mobile and in many cases also for stationary applications the volumetric and gravimetric density of hydrogen in a storage system is crucial. Hydrogen can be stored by six different methods and phenomena: high pressure gas cylinders (up to 800 bar), liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks (at 21 K), adsorbed hydrogen on materials with a large specific surface area (at T < 100 K), absorbed on interstitial sites in a host metal (at ambient pressure and temperature), chemically bond in covalent and ionic compounds (at ambient pressure), oxidation of reactive metals e.g. Li, Na, Mg, Al, Zn with water. These metals easily react with water to the corresponding hydroxide and liberate the hydrogen from the water. Finally, the metal hydroxides can be thermally reduced to the metals in a solar furnace.     

炼油厂恶臭污染物的防治

论述了炼厂恶臭气体的防治方法，主要从密闭的生产装置、酸性水储罐及污水处理系统几个方面进行了分析并提出了目前为解决恶臭污染采取的方法。     

紫外—双氧水和亚铁离子体系对硝基苯光降解的研究

研究了以５００Ｗ直管高压汞灯为光源，在双氧水和亚铁离子的体系中，对硝基苯进行光降解的可能性。结果表明，在实验条件下，本系统对硝基苯有明显的降解效果。浓度为５０ｍｇ／Ｌ的硝基苯经过６０ｍｉｎ的光照，其降解率可达９１．７％。此外，还探讨 铁离子浓度、双氧水浓度、硝基苯浓度、ｐＨ值等因素对光降解的影响。     

Production of hydrogen by steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) or activated carbon in the presence of various alkali compounds

Steam gasification of dehydrochlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or activated carbon was carried out in the presence of various alkali compounds at 3.0 MPa and 560°C–660°C in a batch reactor or in a semi-batch reactor with a flow of nitrogen and steam. Hydrogen and sodium carbonate were the main products, and methane and carbon dioxide were the minor products. Yields of hydrogen were high in the presence of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The acceleration effect of the alkali compounds on the gasification reaction was as follows: KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)₂ > Na₂CO₃. The rate of gasification increased with increasing partial steam pressure and NaOH/C molar ratio. However, the rate became saturated at a molar ratio of NaOH/C greater than 2.0.     

刺激性气体HCl在不同尺度火灾实验中的释放行为

火灾是一种灾害性燃烧现象 ,给人员和财产安全带来极大损失。氯化氢 (HCl)是火灾烟气中阻碍人员逃生的最重要的刺激性气体之一。以典型的小尺度和大尺度实验为例 ,分析了加热程度和通风供氧对常用有机材料起火后释放HCl的影响 ,发现不论小尺度还是大尺度 ,HCl的形成只与燃烧过程有关 ,与氧化过程无关 ,HCl的生成率不随通风情况不同而改变。实验中影响HCl释放的主要因素是热 (辐射加热热流密度或温度 )。当超过CCl键发生断裂的温度后 ,继续升温HCl释放速率不发生改变 ,出现稳定释放阶段。在反映HCl释放过程不同尺度间存在共性 ,因此 ,利用小尺度的结果进行释放规律内在机理的探索是合理的方法     

对环境空气氯化氢浓度限值的探讨

通过对环境空气中氯化氢的毒理作用,各类标准比较、标准来源、评价标准的计算方法等,对现有的环境空气质量标准进行了探讨,提出了需要对现行标准进行修订的建议.     

硫化氢分解制取氢和硫技术的进展

介绍了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的热力学、动力学最新研究成果 ,综述了 H2 S分解制氢和硫的各种工艺技术的新进展 ,并对这些工艺技术进行了分析和评述。 H2 S分解制氢的同时回收硫是一种很有前途的治理废气减轻污染的方法。     

气体扩散电极制备及其对苯酚降解效果的研究

以质量比9∶1的活性炭和乙炔黑制备气体扩散电极,着重研究电流密度、pH值、曝气量等因素对H2O2产生量的影响.结果表明:pH值在较大范围内均适用;电流密度控制在50～75 mA/cm2,曝气量确定为5 L/min时,反应产生H2O2较多.另外,利用该气体扩散电极做阴极,石墨电极做阳极,以Na2SO4为电解质,研究了电解时间、电流密度、pH值、初始苯酚浓度、曝气量等因素对苯酚降解效果的影响.结果表明:在电流密度为75 mA/cm2、曝气量为5 L/min、初始pH=3的条件下,当苯酚的初始浓度为80 mg/L时,1 h后其去除率达77%.     

UV/H_2O_2/草酸高铁铵体系中孔雀石绿的光降解研究

研究了UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系下孔雀绿(Malachite green,MG)光降解过程中的影响因素,包括MG的初始浓度、初始pH值、投加H2O2浓度和草酸高铁铵浓度等。结果表明:MG初始浓度越低光降解越快,碱性条件有利于MG的降解,其最佳降解pH为11.0;随H2O2浓度的增加,MG降解率先增加后减少,在100mmol/L时,降解率最高;MG降解率随草酸高铁铵浓度增加而增加,于10.0mmol/L时MG降解率最高;UV/H2O2/草酸高铁铵体系的降解效果较强,交叉实验结果表明H2O2:草酸高铁铵浓度比在1～20:1时降解率均高于。因此该体系具有快速、简单、经济并高效率等特点,可应用于染料废水的降解和脱色工艺中。     

高温(70℃)玉米秸秆水解液产氢行为及群落结构

考察了高温条件下(70℃)牛粪堆肥、土壤、厌氧污泥、腐烂秸秆种接种物利用玉米秸秆水解液的产氢行为。结果表明:牛粪堆肥接种时达到最大的产气量(1355.7mL/L)和氢气产量(608.4mL/L),随后依次为腐烂秸秆、厌氧污泥和土壤。修改的Gompertz方程可以较好描述产氢量随时间变化趋势(R2>0.99)。牛粪堆肥接种时达到最大的产氢潜力(676.0mL/L),而土壤接种时的迟滞时间最小(9.8h)。DGGE图谱显示:不同接种物对应不同的微生物群落结构。Bacillus thermozeamaize,Enterobacter sp.JDM-19和Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum strain,KMTHCJT和可能分别是牛粪堆肥,厌氧污泥和腐烂秸秆接种条件下的关键产氢微生物。