不同土地利用方式对土壤细菌分子生态网络的影响

利用16S rDNA基因Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术结合分子生态网络方法,测定了4种利用类型土地中的细菌群落组成,并分别构建了可视化的细菌网络.结果表明,旱田和水田土壤细菌网络的平均路径长度与模块性较小,而节点数、连接数、平均连通度和聚类系数较高;4个细菌网络均以正相关关系占优,天然林地负相关比例较高;酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门和变形菌门中的部分菌群在土壤细菌网络中起着重要的连接作用;4个细菌网络的部分关键节点所属的菌群相对丰度较低(1%),并非本研究区域的主体细菌;旱田土壤菌群主要受TP显著影响(P0.05);水田土壤菌群主要受黏粒、粉粒和含水量显著影响(P0.05);天然林地和城市绿地土壤菌群主要受C/N显著影响(P0.05).以上研究结果表明,旱田土壤细菌网络规模更大,物种间关系更加复杂,不同利用类型土地中的细菌均以协同合作关系为主,天然林地土壤细菌之间存在更强的竞争作用.水田和旱田土壤细菌对外界环境因子的扰动更加敏感,响应迅速,群落结构更易发生变化;部分细菌在网络间存在角色转化现象,低丰度菌群在构建土壤细菌网络中具有重要作用.     

Microbiological quality of roof tank water in an urban village in southeastern China

Urban villages are unique residential neighborhoods in urban areas in China. Roof tanks are their main form of water supply, and water quality deterioration might occur in this system because of poor hygienic conditions and maintenance. In this study, water samples were seasonally collected from an urban village to investigate the influence of roof tanks as an additional water storage device on the variation in the microbial community structure and pathogenic gene markers. Water stagnation in th...     

Linkage between water soluble organic matter and bacterial community in sediment from a shallow, eutrophic lake, Lake Chaohu, China

Lacustrine sediment played important roles in migration and transformation of its water soluble organic matter (WSOM), and the source and composition of WSOM would affect water trophic status and the fate of pollutants. However, we know little about the pathway of WSOM transformation and its driving bacterial communities in lacustrine sediment. In the present study, we investigated the spatial distribution patterns of sediment WSOM and its fluorescent fractions across Lake Chaohu using fluorescence spectroscopy, and explored WSOM compositional structure through our proposed calculated ratios. In addition, we also analyzed sediment bacterial community using Illumina sequencing technology, and probed the possible pathway of sediment WSOM transformation under the mediate of indigenous bacteria. Our results showed that the inflowing rivers affected the spatial distribution patterns of WSOM and its five fractions (including tyrosine-, tryptophan-, fulvic acid-, humic acid-like substances and soluble microbial productions), and sediment WSOM originated from fresh algae detritus or bacterial sources. In parallel, we also found that Proteobacteria (mainly γ-Proteobacteria and δ-Proteobacteria), Firmicutes (mainly Bacilli), Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria dominate sediment bacterial community. Furthermore, these dominant bacteria triggered sediment WSOM transformation, specifically, the humic acid-like substances could be converted into fulvic acid-like substances, and further degraded into aromatic protein-like and SMP substances. In addition, our proposed ratios (P-L:H-L, Ar-P:SMP and H-L ratio), as supplementary tool, were effective to reveal WSOM composition structure. These results figured out possible pathway of WSOM transformation, and revealed its microbial mechanism in lacustrine sediment.     

C/N对SBR生物脱氮硝化过程微生物结构的动态影响

为揭示碳氮比（C/N）对硝化过程影响的机理本质,试验以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组平行的SBR（R₀、R₅、R₁₀、R₁₅）反应器,基于16S rRNA基因-Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,考察了4种C/N（0、5、10、15）对硝化过程功能微生物组成和结构特征的影响.结果表明：4种C/N条件下,系统均获得了较好的去除氨氮（去除率>95%）和COD（去除率>90%）效果,TN也有不同程度的降低.此外,C/N会显著影响系统内微生物的多样性、种群结构和功能.R₀系统Chao1指数（922）、ACE指数（1232.4）、Shannon指数（6.76）和Simpson指数（0.96）均最大,故微生物多样性最丰富,而R₅的物种丰富度最低.在微生物门水平上,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）等9个相对丰度较高的门是重要的微生物门,其中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）约全部微生物的40.7%~65.2%,是4个系统中最优势的菌门.硝化过程的关键菌群亚硝化单胞菌科（Nitrosomonadaceae）及硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）的相对丰度表现出随着C/N升高而急剧降低的趋势.基于LEfSe分析共获得了34组具有显著差异的微生物,从而得到了每种C/N条件下在微生物学分类水平上的菌群关键生物标记物.     

生物炭对褐土理化特性及真菌群落结构的影响

为了探讨生物炭施用对土壤理化及生物学特性的影响,在田间条件下研究了不同用量(0、10、20、40 t·hm~(-2))生物炭施用3a后植烟褐土真菌的群落结构特征,并分析了其与土壤环境因子的关系.结果表明,土壤添加生物炭3 a后显著提高了土壤pH、含水率、总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量,而降低了土壤容重和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量.Illumina Mi Seq测序结果表明,生物炭的添加对土壤真菌α多样性影响不大,但能显著改变真菌群落结构.物种注释结果表明,所有样本中真菌优势菌群均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),其相对丰度之和占所有可注释真菌丰度的90%以上.生物炭提高了子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度,降低了接合菌门的相对丰度.在属水平上,生物炭增加了链格孢属(Alternaria)、锥盖伞属(Conocybe)和曲霉属(Aspergillus)真菌的相对丰度,降低了放射毛霉(Actinomucor)和赤霉菌(Gibberella)的相对丰度.冗余分析(RDA)及Mantel检验结果说明,土壤DOC、pH和含水率是影响褐土真菌群落结构的主要环境因子.综上,生物炭施用3 a后对土壤理化特性有显著的影响,这些环境因子的改变驱动了土壤真菌群落的生态演替.     

Characteristics of microbial community functional structure of a biological coking wastewater treatment system

Nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are key pollutants in coking wastewater; however, the functional potential of microbial communities for biodegradation of such contaminants during biological treatment is still elusive. Herein, a high throughput functional gene array (GeoChip 5.0) in combination with Illumina HiSeq2500 sequencing was used to compare and characterize the microbial community functional structure in a long run (500 days) bench scale bioreactor treating coking wastewater, with a control system treating synthetic wastewater. Despite the inhibitory toxic pollutants, GeoChip 5.0 detected almost all key functional gene (average 61,940 genes) categories in the coking wastewater sludge. With higher abundance, aromatic ring cleavage dioxygenase genes including multi ring1,2diox; one ring2,3diox; catechol represented significant functional potential for degradation of aromatic pollutants which was further confirmed by Illumina HiSeq2500 analysis results. Response ratio analysis revealed that three nitrogenous compound degrading genes- nbzA (nitro-aromatics), tdnB (aniline), and scnABC (thiocyanate) were unique for coking wastewater treatment, which might be strong cause to increase ammonia level during the aerobic process. Additionally, HiSeq2500 elucidated carbozole and isoquinoline degradation genes in the system. These findings expanded our understanding on functional potential of microbial communities to remove organic nitrogenous pollutants; hence it will be useful in optimization strategies for biological treatment of coking wastewater.     

鄱阳湖湿地细菌群落多样性和可培养细菌功能基因丰度

鄱阳湖湿地中蕴含着丰富的微生物资源,参与并维持着湿地生态系统的物质循环和稳定.为探明鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌分布规律,分析可培养细菌群落结构和功能特征,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析了鄱阳湖湿地土壤全部细菌（AW）和湿地外围周边土壤全部细菌（AS）群落结构多样性特征;又结合可培养方法和qPCR功能基因芯片技术,分析了湿地可培养细菌（CW）和湿地外围周边土壤可培养细菌（CS）功能基因丰度差异.研究发现鄱阳湖湿地土壤细菌多样性低于湿地外围周边土壤细菌,变形菌门和酸杆菌门是两种土壤环境中共有的细菌优势菌门,放线菌门、厚壁菌门、绿弯菌门和热脱硫杆菌门也是存在于两种土壤中的主要菌门,但相对丰度均差异显著;网络分析显示湿地土壤较周边土壤细菌网络结构更简单.采用可培养方法获得的不同采样点土壤细菌群落多样性差异不明显.但湿地土壤可培养细菌功能基因的拷贝数高于周边土壤,其中参与氮循环的UreC基因和参与碳固定的acsE基因在两种土壤可培养细菌中相对丰度较高.研究结果可为深入挖掘调控、维持湿地土壤养分循环和促进鄱阳湖湿地生态系统功能稳定性的潜在有益微生物提供理论依据.     

长年耕作对北方旱作麦田土壤细菌群落结构及理化性质的影响

为探究旱作麦田长期耕作对不同土层细菌群落结构的影响及其与土壤理化性质的关系,于2016~2021年在山西农业大学闻喜旱地小麦试验示范基地开展长期定位试验,研究夏闲期免耕（NT）、深松（ST）和深翻（DP）这3种耕作方式对不同土层土壤理化性质,细菌群落α、β多样性,细菌门和属优势物种及差异物种的影响,并采用PICRUSt2预测其代谢功能.结果表明,旱作麦田连续5a深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了20~40 cm土层土壤含水量,显著降低了0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量.深松和深翻较免耕可提高0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的α多样性,且深松高于深翻.深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了0~20 cm土层中酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和20~40 cm土层中酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、Rokubacteria门、GAL15门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度;显著提高了0~20 cm土层硝化螺旋菌属和20~40 cm土层Rubrobacter属和链霉菌属的相对丰度.深松较深翻显著提高了0~40 cm土层酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门的相对丰度.冗余分析表明,0~20 cm土层的土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量对放线菌门和牙殖球菌属产生正向效应,且深松下0~40 cm土层的土壤含水量对酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门产生正向效应.PICRUSt2预测结果表明,深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了20~40 cm土层细菌群落的氨基酸代谢和辅酶维生素代谢的相对丰度,但降低了脂质代谢的相对丰度;深松较深翻显著提高了0~40 cm土层细菌群落的氨基酸代谢和0~20 cm土层其他氨基酸代谢的相对丰度.总之,旱地麦田夏闲期深松或深翻均可提高土壤含水量、土壤细菌群落的α多样性及细菌群落的代谢能力,深松还可提高酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,并提高细菌群落的氨基酸代谢能力,从而提高了土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量.     

智能化曝气控制A/O工艺活性污泥特性演化对内源反硝化脱氮的作用机制

将新型智能化曝气控制系统（automatic oxygen supply device,AOSD）应用于A/O工艺中,对比分析AOSD系统曝气模式控制下的A/O工艺（I-A/O）与常规曝气模式A/O工艺（C-A/O）对活性污泥驯化作用、微生物菌群的分布影响,深入探讨I-A/O活性污泥特性演化对内源反硝化脱氮的作用机制.结果表明I-A/O系统出水NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N出现一定积累效应,活性污泥在驯化过程中表现为更为显著的微膨胀,在外源碳素充盈状况下能更充分地将污泥混合液中的溶解性COD（SCOD）富集,将其转化为糖原（Gly）,并在外源碳素供应匮乏的状况下激发内源反硝化脱氮反应,内源反硝化速率（EDNR）平均可达0.83 mg·（L·h）^-1,超过C-A/O水平.通过Illumina HiSeq高通量测序技术对两系统污泥微生物群落结构解析：两系统污泥微生物群落多样性评估区别不明显,而I-A/O污泥中Candidate division TM7大量增殖是构成其丝状菌污泥微膨胀、Gly贮存能力提高的优势功能菌.AOSD的供氧模式使活性污泥特性与微生物群落在适应新环境上发生了特异性变化,好氧异养菌代谢活性下降,内源反硝化脱氮途径的强化使I-A/O实现了一种总体低氧需求的动态平衡状态.     

Effects of exotic Spartina alterniflora on rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial community structures and diversity in roots of native mangroves北大核心CSCD

Root-associated microbial communities are very important for biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in wetland ecosystems, and help to enhance the mechanisms of plant invasions. In the estuary of Jiulong River (China), Spartina alternifiora has widely invaded Kandelia obovata-dominated habitats, making it necessary to investigate the influence of rootassociated bacteria. The endophytic and rhizosphere bacterial community structures associated with selected plant species were investigated using the barcoded Illumina paired-end sequencing technique. The diversity indices of bacteria associated with the roots of S. alterniflora were higher than those of the transition stands and K. obovata monoculture. Using principal coordinate analysis with UniFrac metrics, the comparison of diversity showed that all samples could be significantly clustered into three major groups, according to the bacterial communities of origin. Four phyla, namely, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes, were abundant in the rhizoplane of the two salt marsh plants, whereas Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were the more abundant endophytic bacteria. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, and Firmicutes in the rhizosphere bacteria of S. alterniflora accounted for 78.0%, 5.6%, 3.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. Members of the phyla Spirochaetes and Chloroflexi were found among the endophytic bacteria of S. alterniflora and K. obovata, respectively. Using linear discriminate analysis, we found some dominant rhizoplane and endophytic bacteria, including Pseudoalteromonadaceae, Vibrionaceae, Methylophilaceae, and Desulfovibrio, which could potentially affect the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles. Of interest was that endophytic bacteria were more sensitive to plant invasion than rhizosphere bacteria. Thus, the results provide evidence for the isolation of functional bacteria and the effects of root-associated microbial groups on S. alterniflora invasions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.