Spatial scaling between leaf area index maps of different resolutions

We developed algorithms for spatial scaling of leaf area index (LAI) using sub-pixel information. The study area is located near Liping County, Guizhou Province, in China. Methods for LAI spatial scaling were investigated on LAI images with 960 m resolution derived in two ways. LAI from distributed calculation (LAID) was derived using Landsat ETM+ data (30 m), and LAI from lumped calculation (LAIL) was obtained from the coarse (960 m) resolution data derived through resampling the ETM+ data. We found that lumped calculations can be considerably biased compared to the distributed (ETM+) case, suggesting that global and regional LAI maps can be biased if surface heterogeneity within the mapping resolution is ignored. Based on these results, we developed algorithms for removing the biases in lumped LAI maps using sub-pixel land cover-type information, and applied these to correct one coarse resolution LAI product which greatly improved its accuracy.     

基于遥感资料的中国东部地区植被VOCs排放强度研究

本研究充分基于遥感资料获取中国东部地区叶面积指数和叶生物量的最新信息,并广泛调研了植被VOCs排放因子的最新研究进展,以2008—2010年的植被和气象的平均状态为背景,基于MEGAN排放模型,研究了中国东部地区植被VOCs(BVOCs)排放的时空分布特征.结果表明,我国东部地区BVOCs年排放总量为11.3×106t(以C计,下同),其中异戊二烯(ISOP)、单萜烯(MON)和其它VOC(OVOC)质量分数(下同),分别为44.9%、31.5%、23.6%.BVOCs排放呈现明显的季节变化特征,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节分别占全年的11.2%、71.8%、14.1%和3.0%.空间分布上,排放高值区主要分布于大小兴安岭、长白山脉、秦岭大巴山脉、东南丘陵、海南等植被茂密的区域,年均排放强度一般在1500～6000kg·km-·2a-1之间,福建、广东、江西、浙江、湖南、湖北等省份BVOCs的排放总量与平均排放强度均较高.本研究所得到的高时空分辨率的BVOCs排放清单,可以为区域环境与气候的数值模拟研究提供基础.     

MODIS植被叶面积指数对贵州高原山地气象条件的响应

用EOS/MODIS卫星遥感分辨率为1 km的贵州2001—2008年每8 d合成植被叶面积指数（LAI）,分析了LAI的时间变化规律和年、季空间分布特征;还用贵州69个气象站的日观测数据,分别与各气象点所对应的3×3个像元LAI平均值进行气象要素（温度、降水、日照时数和水汽压）与LAI的相关分析。结果表明：该地区LAI年变化为0.3~3.0,多年平均LAI的空间分布是东南部最高（4.0）,西部和西南部最低（1.0）。显著影响LAI变化的气象因子按相关系数的大小排列是：温度、水汽压、日照时数和降水（均通过了99.9%信度检验）。水汽压对LAI产生影响的原因可能与高原喀斯特地区土壤层较薄有关。在考虑云贵高原植被年际间变化对气候变化的响应时可以把这些要素作为重要的影响因子。     

Measurements and simulation of forest leaf area index and net primary productivity in Northern China

Large scale process-based modeling is a useful approach to estimate distributions of global net primary productivity (NPP). In this paper, in order to validate an existing NPP model with observed data at site level, field experiments were conducted at three sites in northern China. One site is located in Qilian Mountain in Gansu Province, and the other two sites are in Changbaishan Natural Reserve and Dunhua County in Jilin Province. Detailed field experiments are discussed and field data are used to validate the simulated NPP. Remotely sensed images including Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+, 30 m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, 15m spatial resolution in visible and near infrared bands) are used to derive maps of land cover, leaf area index, and biomass. Based on these maps, field measured data, soil texture and daily meteorological data, NPP of these sites are simulated for year 2001 with the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS). The NPP in these sites ranges from 80 to 800 gCm(-2)a(-1). The observed NPP agrees well with the modeled NPP. This study suggests that BEPS can be used to estimate NPP in northern China if remotely sensed images of high spatial resolution are available.     

LAI inversion algorithm based on directional reflectance kernels

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important ecological and environmental parameter. A new LAI algorithm is developed using the principles of ground LAI measurements based on canopy gap fraction. First, the relationship between LAI and gap fraction at various zenith angles is derived from the definition of LAI. Then, the directional gap fraction is acquired from a remote sensing bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) product. This acquisition is obtained by using a kernel driven model and a large-scale directional gap fraction algorithm. The algorithm has been applied to estimate a LAI distribution in China in mid-July 2002. The ground data acquired from two field experiments in Changbai Mountain and Qilian Mountain were used to validate the algorithm. To resolve the scale discrepancy between high resolution ground observations and low resolution remote sensing data, two TM images with a resolution approaching the size of ground plots were used to relate the coarse resolution LAI map to ground measurements. First, an empirical relationship between the measured LAI and a vegetation index was established. Next, a high resolution LAI map was generated using the relationship. The LAI value of a low resolution pixel was calculated from the area-weighted sum of high resolution LAIs composing the low resolution pixel. The results of this comparison showed that the inversion algorithm has an accuracy of 82%. Factors that may influence the accuracy are also discussed in this paper.     

西北干旱区旱地玉米叶面积指数与气象因子及生物量的关系

利用甘肃省西峰农业气象试验站1994-2008年玉米试验观测资料,对玉米的LAI变化规律,温度、光合有效辐射对LAI的影响,LAI对50 cm土层土壤贮水量、生物量及产量因子的影响进行了分析。结果表明,三叶期-乳熟期LAI随着出苗后的天数呈S曲线变化。缓慢增长期出现在8~28 d;快速增长期出现在28~74 d;缓慢下降期出现在74~103 d。叶片含水率以0.9%/10 d的速度线性下降。各试验年份间,降水差异较大,变异系数为31%~92%;其次为≥10℃有效积温;光合有效辐射比较稳定。从播种到乳熟期,各年份的气象要素值趋于平均值。LAI与≥10℃有效积温及光合有效辐射呈幂函数变化,有效积温500℃及光合有效辐射值250 MJ/m²是LAI累积速度变化的转折点。≥10℃有效积温500~1 000℃及光合有效辐射800~1 000 MJ/m²是LAI快速增长的阶段。随着LAI的增大,50 cm土层贮水量呈线性减少。LAI对生物量的影响可用幂函数描述,最利于生物量累积的LAI值为3.5,较为适宜的种植密度为60 000株/hm²。七叶期-拔节期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性较差,抽雄期-乳熟期阶段LAI与产量因子的相关性显著。在一定范围内,抽雄期LAI的增大对提高玉米的经济产量有利。     

遥感数据结合Biome-BGC模型估算黄淮海地区生态系统生产力

植被净生态系统生产力(NEP)和净第一性生产力(NPP)作为表征植被活动的关键变量,在全球变化研究及区域生态环境评价中起着很重要的作用。Biome-BGC是一个模拟生态系统植被和土壤中的能量、水、碳、氮的流动和存储的生物地球化学循环模型。论文利用2004年时间序列MODIS LAI遥感产品和气象数据,对黄淮海地区的NEP和NPP进行了模拟估算,由于Biome-BGC模型没有农作物生理生态参数,农作物模拟通过修改草地生理生态参数,并在增加施肥、灌溉和收割代码基础上实现。结果表明,2004年黄淮海地区NEP、NPP呈现南部大于北部的空间分布特征;不同植被类型平均NEP和NPP大小顺序分别为:混交林>落叶阔叶林>常绿针叶林>农作物>灌木>草地、混交林>农作物>落叶阔叶林>常绿针叶林>灌木>草地;与观测数据、MODIS NPP产品和统计数据进行对比,表明Biome-BGC模型可较好用于区域植被生产力的模拟,农作物模拟结果与统计数据的决定系数达到0.612 3,且模拟得到的黄淮海地区农作物NPP比MODIS NPP产品更接近统计值。     

利用数码相片对冬小麦生物量的试算

数码相片属于地面遥感资料的一种,被广泛应用于实地调查中.然而,目前利用数码相片对植被生物量进行推算的研究很少.利用数码相片提取小麦生长期的小麦覆盖度,结合地面实测叶面积指数(LAI)、归一化植被指数(NDVI)和小麦生物量,分析小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI各自的相关系数,建立各自合适的回归模型推算冬小麦的生物量.结果表明,在小麦生长期,小麦覆盖度与LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别达到0.765,0.896,生物量与小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI的相关系数R2分别为0.774,0.876,0.712,生物量与其小麦覆盖度、LAI,NDVI之间具有很高的相关性,多元回归分析效果更好,系数R2达0.891.结果说明,在不破坏植被生长状态的情况下,基于数码相片可有效地推算小麦的生物量,这为大面积实地测量和遥感监测作物长势及其生物量估算提供了理论参考依据.     

亚热带和温带生态条件下水稻生长速率和产量的相关性研究

在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原市,2002和2003年对中国和韩国筛选出的4个水稻（Oryza sativa）高产品种进行了生长速率和产量的相关性研究,结果表明：在亚热带和温带的两种生态条件下水稻品种的叶面积指数和收获指数相近,但亚热带生态条件下实际产量和生长速率分别比温带条件下高3．06t·hm^-2和7．09g·m^-2·d^-1,产量高50．75％和生长速率高58．22％,差异达极显著水平。在亚热带条件下,移栽到移栽后20d、孕穗到抽穗的生长速率的增加能极显著提高水稻产量,以移栽到移栽后20d的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加能增加水稻产量,但不显著。在施肥比例,基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥：O％：50％：30％：20％的氮肥施用方式和稀植（30cmx14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为9．26t·hm^-2、19．53g·m^-2·d^-1;在温带条件下,移栽到抽穗的生长速率的增加能显著提高水稻产量,以移栽后21d到孕穗的生长速率影响最大,抽穗后20d生长速率的增加反而减低水稻产量,但不显著,氮肥施用方式基肥：分蘖肥：孕穗肥：穗肥=50％：20％：30％：0％和密植（20cm×14cm）条件下获得该生态区的最高产量和最大生长速率,分别为6．31t·hm^-2、12．00g·m^-2·d^-1。