氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

Leaching behavior of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and its geochemical modeling

With the increase in the number of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants constructed in China recently, great attention has been paid to the heavy metal leaching toxicity of MSWI residues. In this study, the effects of various parameters, including extractant, leaching time, liquid-to-solid ratio, leachate pH, and heavy metal content, on the release properties of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn from MSWI bottom ash were investigated. Partial least-squares analysis was employed to highlight the interrelationships between the factors and response variables. Both experimental research and geochemical modeling using Visual MINTEQ software were conducted to study the pH-dependent leaching behavior of these metals in fresh and weathered bottom ash, considering precipitation/dissolution and surface complexation reactions (adsorption by hydrous ferric oxide and amorphous aluminum oxide/hydroxide). The results showed that leachate pH was the predominant factor influencing heavy metal leachability. The leaching of Cu, Pb, and Zn was mainly controlled by precipitation/dissolution reactions, whereas surface complexation had some effect on the leaching of Cr, Cd, and Ni for certain pH ranges. The modeling results aggreed well with the experimental results. Part of this work was presented at the Fourth International Conference on Combustion, Incineration/Pyrolysis and Emission Control (i-CIPEC)     

MINTEQ modeling for evaluating the leaching behavior of heavy metals in MSWI fly ash

At present,all kinds of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash stabilization technology has been reported and successfully applied in many countries.However,leaching procedures are very different that the technologies lack uniform standard,and it is even impossible to predict the long-term stabilization.Geochemical model can explain the environmental stabilization based on chemical phase and thermodynamic crystal structure,and it is also able to guide the development of environment-friendly stabi...     

模拟酸雨对沙柱中废弃线路板组成元素的影响

通过室内土柱淋溶实验,研究模拟酸雨对废弃线路板组成元素的影响,并分析了浸出液的组分特征和变化规律.结果表明,废弃线路板中组成元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Ca、Mg和Cl) 浸出浓度随酸雨pH值的降低而增大;其中Cu、Pb和Zn的浸出浓度随淋溶液体积的增大呈现先增加后降低的趋势;而Cl、Ca和Mg的浸出浓度在淋溶初期达到最大值,之后随着淋溶液体积的增大而减小;Cu和Pb的浸出浓度在平稳状态仍然远大于国家地表水Ⅲ类标准.使用Visual MINTEQ软件模拟浸出液中Cu、Pb和Zn 3种元素的组分存在形态表明,Pb和Zn主要以Pb2＋和Zn2＋为优势态,Cu在pH4.0时,主要存在形态为CuSO4(aq).     

鸟粪石法沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系模拟预测

使用化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ计算拟合鸟粪石(磷酸镁铵,MgNH4PO4·6H2O,MAP)沉淀去除氨氮的平衡体系在不同pH值条件下Mg2+、NH4+和PO34-各组分的变化及饱和指数(SI)的变化.实验和预测结果表明,模型对MAP沉淀平衡体系拟合良好.在本研究的pH值范围内(8.0—11.0),化学平衡模型VisualMINTEQ能预测敞开体系氨氮废水中通过磷酸铵镁沉淀去除的NH4+-N,但不能用来预测敞开体系中所有氨氮的去除,即预测结果中不包括由于氨气挥发而去除的氨氮.     

氯和磷对土壤中水溶-可交换态铅的影响

在实验室培养条件下研究了氯离子(C1-)对含磷物质KH2PO4降低污染土壤中铅毒作用的影响.结果表明,在铅锌矿污染土壤中添加KH2P04显著降低了土壤中铅(Pb)的水溶-可交换态含量,降低幅度为92.0%-95.1%,显著降低了铅的生物有效性.数据统计分析表明, KH2PO4用量在P/Pb摩尔比为0.6时已足够修复土壤的铅毒,并且在此磷添加量水平时,加氯与不加氯比较,显著降低了土壤中Pb的水溶-可交换态含量,说明了添加氯对含磷物质降低铅毒有促进作用运.用Visual MINTEQ模型模拟计算的结果表明,添加磷和氯处理土壤后,土壤中Pb的活度主要受P的控制,尤其是磷氯铅矿[pyromorphite, Pb5(PO4)3 Cl]沉淀.在使用含磷物质修复铅污染土壤技术时,添加适量的氯,以达到最佳修复效果.     

模型化研究pH对垃圾焚烧飞灰金属浸出的影响机制

浸出液pH是影响城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰金属浸出的主要因素.通过比较pH变化浸出测试和Visual MINTEQ模拟结果,研究了浸出液pH对飞灰金属浸出特性的影响机制.结果发现,酸性条件下(Cd、Zn、Ni:pH＜8;Pb、Cu、Cr:pH＜6;Al:pH＜4),金属会随pH降低而大量溶出;两性金属Pb和Zn,在强碱性条件时浸出浓度亦会增加,pH=12.5时可分别达42和2.4 mg·L-1.飞灰中金属的pH相关浸出行为可通过Visual MINTEQ模型很好地模拟.模拟计算结果表明,浸出液pH的变化会改变金属在浸出体系中的化学形态,从而影响金属的浸出浓度;不同pH下Pb、Zn、Cu、Ca和Al的化学形态和浸出行为主要由溶解/沉淀平衡决定,吸附作用对其影响不大;在酸性至中性pH条件下,飞灰中HFO会吸附Cd、Cr和Ni而降低其溶解度,但在碱性条件下这些重金属的浸出又转而由溶解/沉淀平衡控制.