熔体在岩石形变中的作用综述──来自实验岩石学的证据

实验岩石学的研究表明,岩石中熔体的出现．可诱发断层作用,加强碎裂流动、位错蠕变和扩散蠕变作用。在给定的条件下,上述四种变形机制在部分熔融岩石中都会起作用,但只有那种能产生最快应变速率的机制占主导地位。而应变速率与岩石中熔体的百分数（体积）有关,因此,当熔体的百分数不同时,占主导地位的变形机制会有所不同。临界熔体百分数曾被当作反映部分熔融岩石流变学特征的一个重要参数,但近期的研究表明,临界熔体百分数受诸多因素的影响,或者说部分熔融岩石根本就不存在这样的植。熔体的出现极大地改变了岩石的流变学特征。     

阻燃高抗冲聚苯乙烯/有机改性蒙脱土纳米复合材料阻燃效应的研究(Ⅱ)--蒙脱土改性比率对阻燃协效性的影响

运用“一步熔融共混法”制备了同时包含十溴二苯乙烷(SAYTEX8010)—氧化锑(Sb2O3)和蒙脱土(MMT)—十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(C16BrN)(不同重量比率)阻燃体系的系列高抗冲聚苯乙烯(HIPS)复合材料,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、UL—94垂直燃烧测试和锥形量热计等测试手段对其结构形貌和燃烧性能进行了表征,探讨了两种阻燃体系间的协效性及蒙脱土改性比率对协效度的影响。结果表明,在十溴二苯乙烷存在时,可以制备层离型阻燃HIPS／MMT纳米复合材料,其中两种阻燃体系具有优异的阻燃协效性,其协效度取决于复合材料中各组分的复合比率,特别是MMT及C16BrN的改性比率。研究发现,其它组分含量一定时(十溴二苯乙烷和氧化锑重量比率保持lO：4),MMT和C16BrN改性比率为4：2时复合材料具有相对最佳阻燃性,十溴二苯乙烷体系和改性蒙脱土体系具有相对最优阻燃协效度。     

The influence of melt composition,liquidus temperature and solidus temperature on vapour explosions in melt droplet impingement experiments

For the investigation of vapour explosions, droplet impingement experiments were performed with the binary system Pb–Sn and the pseudo-binary system PbS–Cu₂S. The experiments were performed with a melt at 600 °C (Pb–Sn) or 700 °C (PbS–Cu₂S) and a water bath at ambient temperature and pressure. A hydrophone and a high-speed camera were used to study the interaction and from this data, the explosion probability and intensity were determined.The explosion probability had a single minimum around 70 wt% Sn, close to the eutectic composition. Moreover, the explosion probability increased approximately linearly with changing composition towards the pure melts, and was similar for pure tin and pure lead. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was comparable for tin and the eutectic alloy while clearly lower for lead. Almost all intermediate alloys had a reduced explosion intensity.Based on the variation in composition, the effects of the liquidus or solidus temperature and the liquidus-solidus gap on the explosion behaviour were also investigated. The explosion probability in both systems increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Also, the maximum explosion intensity in the Pb–Sn system increased with increasing liquidus temperature. Both could be related to easier triggering due to (partial) solidification. On the other hand, the explosion intensity was found to decrease with increasing gap between liquidus and solidus temperature, as was also found in literature. No significant trends for the explosion intensity were found for experiments with PbS–Cu₂S.