Effects of turbulence on carbon emission in shallow lakes

Turbulent mixing is enhanced in shallow lakes. As a result, exchanges across the air–water and sediment–water interfaces are increased, causing these systems to be large sources of greenhouse gases. This study investigated the effects of turbulence on carbon dioxide(CO_2)and methane(CH_4) emissions in shallow lakes using simulated mesocosm experiments.Results demonstrated that turbulence increased CO_2 emissions, while simultaneously decreasing CH_4 emissions by altering microbial processes. Under turbulent conditions, a greater fraction of organic carbon was recycled as CO_2 instead of CH_4, potentially reducing the net global warming effect because of the lower global warming potential of CO_2 relative to CH_4. The CH_4/CO_2 flux ratio was approximately 0.006 under turbulent conditions, but reached 0.078 in the control. The real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that methanogen abundance decreased and methanotroph abundance increased under turbulent conditions, inhibiting CH_4 production and favoring the oxidation of CH_4 to CO2.These findings suggest that turbulence may play an important role in the global carbon cycle by limiting CH4 emissions, thereby reducing the net global warming effect of shallow lakes.     

Determination of the archaeal and bacterial communities in two-phase and single-stage anaerobic systems by 454 pyrosequencing

2-Phase anaerobic digestion (AD), where the acidogenic phase was operated at 2 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the methanogenic phase at 10 days HRT, had been evaluated to determine if it could provide higher organic reduction and methane production than the conventional single-stage AD (also operated at 12 days HRT). 454 pyrosequencing was performed to determine and compare the microbial communities. The acidogenic reactor of the 2-phase system yielded a unique bacterial community of the lowest richness and diversity, while bacterial profiles of the methanogenic reactor closely followed the single-stage reactor. All reactors were predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanolinea. Unusually, the acidogenic reactor contributed up to 24% of total methane production in the 2-phase system. This could be explained by the presence of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter, and their activities could also help regulate reactor alkalinity during high loading conditions through carbon dioxide production. The enrichment of hydrolytic and acidogenic Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and unclassified Bacteroidetes in the acidogenic reactor would have contributed to the improved sludge volatile solids degradation, and ultimately the overall 2-phase system''s performance. Syntrophic acetogenic microorganisms were absent in the acidogenic reactor but present in the downstream methanogenic reactor, indicating the retention of various metabolic pathways also found in a single-stage system. The determination of key microorganisms further expands our understanding of the complex biological functions in AD process.     

厌氧消化处理制药废水微生物类群的研究

本文厌氧消化处理制药废水,在不同消化温度条件下,进行了厌氧微生物类群和种群数量的测定.消化温度39℃,各种群菌量最多.消化温度24℃,各种群菌量最少.消化温度33℃和35℃,各种群菌量与消化温39℃度相比,菌量有所减少,但菌量差别不太明显.例如:甲烷细菌消化温度24℃比39℃菌量减少3×10~4倍,消化温度33℃和35℃与39℃比较,甲烷细菌分别减少4.1×10~2倍和3.2×10倍,温度越低甲烷细菌数量越少.     

Understanding gaseous reduction in swine manure resulting from nanoparticle treatments under anaerobic storage conditions

Manure is an impending source of carbon(C), sulfur(S) and water(H_2 O). Consequently,microbial populations utilize these constituents to produce methane(CH4), carbon dioxide(CO_2), greenhouse gases(GHGs), and hydrogen sulfide(H_2 S). Application of nanoparticles(NPs) to stored manure is an emerging GHG mitigation technique. In this study, two NPs: nano zinc oxide(nZnO) and nano silver(nAg) were tested in swine manure stored under anaerobic conditions to determine their effectiveness in mitigating gaseous emissions and total gas production. The biological sources of gas production, i.e., microbial populations were characterized via Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction(qPCR) analysis. Additionally, pH, redox, and VFAs were determined using standard methods. Each treatment of the experiment was replicated three times and NPs were applied at a dose of 3 g/L of manure. Also, headspace gas from all treatment replicates were analyzed for CH_4 and CO_2 gas concentrations using an SRI-8610 Gas Chromatograph and H_2 S concentrations were measured using a Jerome 631 X meter. Nanoparticles tested in this study reduced the cumulative gas volume by 16%–79% compared to the control. Among the NPs tested, only nZnO consistently reduced GHG concentrations by 37%–97%. Reductions in H_2 S concentrations ranged from 87% to97%. Gaseous reductions were likely due to decreases in the activity and numbers of specific gas producing methanogenic archaea and sulfate reducing bacterial(SRB)species.