久效磷在黄河水体沉积物中的吸附特征及机理

研究了黄河水体沉积物对有机磷农药久效磷的吸附特性及机理 ,结果表明 ,沉积物对黄河水中久效磷的吸附符合 L angmuir和 Freundlich等温式 ,是分配作用和表面吸附共同作用的结果。对分配作用和表面吸附在沉积物吸附久效磷中的相对贡献率进行了定量描述 :它们均为浓度的函数 ,吸附作用以分配作用为主。     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

太阳光下降解久效磷的催化剂研究

以ＴｉＯ_２为基体,用掺杂某些金属或离子的方法,提高ＴｉＯ_２;在太阳光下的催化活性。从多种掺杂催化剂中,筛选出太阳光下降解人效磷的有效催化剂 Ｆｅ~３＋／ＴｉＯ_２,经 ３ ｈ阳光照射,久效磷的矿化率达 ９０％。 Ｆｅ~（３＋）在待降解液中的最适宜浓度为 ２．０×１０~（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

Sublethal Effects of Monocrotophos on Locomotor Behavior and Gill Architecture of the Mosquito Fish,Gambusia affinis

Subacute studies of monocrotophos [Dimethyl (E)-1-methyl-2-(methyl-carbamoyl) vinyl phosphate] on mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, were carried out in vivo for 24 days to assess the locomotor behavior, structural integrity of gill, and targeted enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC: 3.1.1.7) interactions. Monocrotophos (MCP) can be rated as moderately toxic to G. affinis, with a median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 20.49 ± 2.45 mgL^?1. The fish exposed to sublethal concentration of LC₁₀ (7.74 mgL^?1) were under stress and altered their locomotor behavior, such as distance traveled per unit time (m min^?1) and swimming speed (cm sec^?1) with respect to the length of exposure. Inhibition in the activity of brain AChE and deformities in the primary and secondary lamellae of gill may have resulted in failure of exchange of gases. The maximum inhibition of 95% of AChE activity was observed on days 20 and 24.

Morphological aberrations in the gills were also studied during exposure to the sublethal concentration of monocrotophos for a period ranging from 8 to 24 days. The extent of damage in gill was dependent on the duration of exposure. The findings revealed that inhibition in brain AChE activity and structural alteration in gill were responsible for altering the locomotor behavior of exposed fish.     

In vitro brain acetylcholinesterase response among three inbred strains of mice to monocrotophos

Abstract

The strain differences in the neurotoxic potential of monocrotophos (HCP) were assessed by determining the inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in BALB/cAnN, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J in vitro. MCP being a competitive inhibitor for AChE, alters the Km values widely among these inbred strains. Comparatively least alterations in Km were found in BALB/cAnN and maximum in DBA/2J. Based on the Ki values DBA/2J was found to be the most sensitive strain to HCP inhibition followed by C57BL/6J and BALB/cAnN.     

黄河沉积物对久效磷和甲基对硫磷的吸附研究

在一定的浓度范围内，对久效磷和甲基对硫磷在黄河沉积物中的吸附特性进行了研究。并观察了pH值和离子强度对吸附的影响。结果表明，久效磷的吸附过程为一级动力学规律；久效磷和甲基对硫磷的吸附可用Freundich等温式和Langmuir等温式较好地描述；久效磷在黄河沉积物中的吸附表现为分配作用和表面吸附共同作用，而甲基对硫磷则以分配作用占主导地位。     

久效磷对黄鳝过氧化氢酶和Na+, K+-ATP酶活性的影响

采用静态急性毒性试验方法,研究了久效磷对黄鳝的鳃、肝脏和肾脏组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和Na , K -ATP酶活性的影响. 结果表明:在水温为(20±2) ℃的条件下,久效磷对黄鳝的96 h LC50为3.27 mg/L. 经0.25,0.50,1.00和2.00 mg/L的久效磷暴露96 h后,0.25和0.50 mg/L暴露组黄鳝3种组织中的CAT活性均比对照组高,其中0.25 mg/L暴露组有显著升高(P《0.05);1.00和2.00 mg/L暴露组的CAT活性受到明显抑制,其中2.00 mg/L暴露组与对照组相比抑制作用显著(P《0.05);不同质量浓度的久效磷对黄鳝3种组织中的Na , K -ATP酶活性均表现出抑制作用,Na , K -ATP酶活性对久效磷的敏感性由大到小的顺序为鳃》肾脏》肝脏.     

稀土元素掺杂二氧化钛催化剂光降解久效磷的研究

采用浸渍法制备稀土掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂，通过光催化降解农药久效磷的研究，发现掺杂稀土元素对ＴｉＯ２的光催化性能有明显的影响，特别是Ｃｅ＾４＋、Ｌａ＾３＋等能明显提高ＴｉＯ２的光催活性，并讨论了催化剂的制备，光降解条件诸因素对光降解久效磷的影响。     

气相色谱法测定鱼组织中的久效磷

采用气相色谱法氮磷检测器测定鱼肉和内脏中的久效磷含量。鱼肉或内脏匀浆后，用正己烷洗涤，二氯甲烷提了，以内标法定量分析，方法简单，灵敏，准确。当取鱼组织0．5g时，方法检测限为0．002mg/kg，加标回收率为72．6％－83．3％，相对标准差在3．3％－7．0％之间。