侧流FNA抑制的CANON颗粒-絮体复合系统参数优化

为探究侧流游离亚硝酸(FNA)处理抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)策略相关工艺参数的最佳组合,在颗粒-絮体复合系统的全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺中,采用批次试验探讨污泥沉降时间、FNA处理浓度及处理时间对相关功能菌活性的影响,针对性抑制NOB活性,降低FNA对功能菌活性影响.结果显示,沉降时间影响处理污泥中功能菌群活性,随着沉降时间的延长,排出污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)活性逐渐减弱.沉降1min后进行排泥排出了大部分NOB并且反应器内保留了尽可能多的AnAOB,此时排出的污泥中AnAOB、氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB的相对活性分别为15.79%、54.55%和68.63%.综合FNA对NOB和AOB活性的影响,采用0.6mg/L的FNA抑制12h后AOB活性为38.71%,而NOB活性仅为12.5%.响应曲面分析结果显示,FNA处理时间、处理浓度是影响NOB、AOB活性的关键因素.     

基于不同污泥量间歇饥饿的CANON工艺启动

为了探究不同污泥量间歇饥饿对于全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺启动的影响,R1、R2和R3反应器分别采用水力筛分间歇饥饿、部分污泥间歇饥饿和全部污泥间歇饥饿3种不同的方式启动CANON工艺.结果 显示,R1、R2和R3反应器分别在第44,66和58d顺利启动,第70d时,其总氮去除率分别达到73.63％、71.56％和6...     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

硅藻土固定化颗粒污泥对海水养殖废水除氨性能

针对实际海水养殖废水低碳高氮的特点,采用间歇式活性污泥法(SBR)和好氧活性污泥添加硅藻土载体的方式,考察硅藻土载体和活性污泥共同作用下的好氧曝气系统对海水养殖废水中氨态氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO2--N)和化学耗氧量(COD)的去除效果,以及对污泥沉降性能和硝化细菌特征的影响。实验结果表明,常温条件下,溶解氧(DO)≥ 4.5 mg/L,pH控制在7.0 ~ 8.0,HRT为11 h,沉降时间10 min,反应器可以处理NH4+-N浓度在50 mg/L左右的海水养殖废水,NH4+-N和COD去除率分别达到98.93%左右和76.62%以上,NO2--N出水浓度低于0.028 mg/L。载体污泥颗粒照片和扫描电镜结果表明,添加硅藻土载体内核后,颗粒污泥的成熟期缩短,颗粒的稳固度和沉降性能提高。在系统启动成功稳定运行后,通过FISH分析表明,在氨氧化菌(AOB)与亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)成为优势菌群后,AOB大约占总菌群的33.5%,并且AOB与NOB菌群数量约为1:1.33,AOB和NOB两大类菌群之和约占总菌群的77.2%,成为系统中优势菌群。     

pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌动力学及功能基因的影响

为探究pH值对亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）活性动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,以富含NOB的活性污泥为对象,基于Monod模型考察不同pH值对NOB活性动力学的影响并进行统计学分析.结果表明,Monod方程可较好地反映不同pH值条件下基质底物浓度对NOB比亚硝态氮氧化速率（SNiOR）的影响,且pH=7.0时动力学参数Ks为（6.167mg/L）,r_max为[1.134g/（g·d）],此时NOB活性最好.利用钟形经验模型进行非线性回归拟合,最大比降解速率（r_max）随pH值的增大呈钟形变化,本试验NOB的最佳pH值为（6.9±0.1）,其中r_max维持在r_opt一半以上的pH值范围（ω）为（3.26±0.4）.以亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶类基因（nxrA、nxrB）为引物,基于荧光定量PCR技术分析结果显示,在不同pH值条件下nxrA基因和nxrB基因拷贝数的变化趋势均与动力学参数（Ks、r_max）的规律一致,且nxrA和nxrB基因在系统的降解过程中起协同作用.     

短程硝化过程2种亚硝酸盐氧化菌抑制策略探讨

为维持短程硝化稳定,保证亚硝酸盐高效积累,需要对污水处理系统亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的性质进行深入了解。分别对Nitrospira以及Nitrobacter的动力学参数,以及在活性污泥系统、生物膜系统、颗粒污泥系统中2菌属特性进行比较。经分析后认为,Nitrospira相对于Nitrobacter比增长速率较低,对O2,NO2-底物亲和性较好,适宜生长于低浓度环境中,是A2/O、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺中的主要NOB菌属;Nitrobacter则适宜在高浓度环境中生长。在颗粒污泥系统中,NOB主要处于污泥内部,由于缺乏O2,NO2-更容易被淘汰出反应器。通过对比短程硝化主要控制参数,认为NOB的抑制策略包括：在活性污泥系统中维持合理的污泥龄(SRT)以及游离氨(FA)浓度;在生物膜系统中对溶解氧(DO)以及水力停留时间(HRT)进行联合控制;在颗粒污泥系统中维持适量剩余NH4+-N,并淘洗出掺杂其中的絮状污泥。此外,利用“饱食饥饿”效应间歇曝气并维持较低的曝停比同样有利于阻止亚硝酸盐被NOB进一步氧化,保证短程硝化稳定运行。     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.     

Differences in nitrite-oxidizing communities and kinetics in a brackish environment after enrichment at low and high nitrite concentrations

Nitrite accumulation in shrimp ponds can pose serious adverse effects to shrimp production and the environment.This study aims to develop an effective process for the enrichment of ready-to-use nitrite-oxidizing bacteria(NOB)inocula that would be appropriate for nitrite removal in brackish shrimp ponds.To achieve this objective,the effects of nitrite concentrations on NOB communities and nitrite oxidation kinetics in a brackish environment were investigated.Moving-bed biofilm sequencing batch reactors and continuous moving-bed biofilm reactors were used for the enrichment of NOB at various nitrite concentrations,using sediment from brackish shrimp ponds as seed inoculum.The results from NOB population analysis with quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR)show that only Nitrospira were detected in the sediment from the shrimp ponds.After the enrichment,both Nitrospira and Nitrobacter coexisted in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L.On the other hand,in the reactors controlling effluent nitrite at 3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L,Nitrobacter outcompeted Nitrospira in many orders of magnitude.The half saturation coefficients(Ks)for nitrite oxidation of the enrichments at low nitrite concentrations(0.1 and 0.5 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were in the range of 0.71–0.98 mg-NO_2~--N/L.In contrast,the Ksvalues of NOB enriched at high nitrite concentrations(3,20,and 100 mg-NO_2~--N/L)were much higher(8.36–12.20 mg-NO_2~--N/L).The results suggest that the selection of nitrite concentrations for the enrichment of NOB inocula can significantly influence NOB populations and kinetics,which could affect the effectiveness of their applications in brackish shrimp ponds.     

城市污水中部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺NOB抑制策略的研究进展

城市污水具有低温低氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的特点,不利于亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB) 的长期稳定抑制,而NOB的过度增殖会导致出水硝氮 (NO₃⁻-N) 指标升高,对其他功能微生物产生竞争性抑制作用,进而降低部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化 (PN/A) 系统的脱氮性能和稳定性。以氨氧化菌 (AOB) 、NOB、厌氧氨氧化菌 (AnAOB) 等功能微生物动力学参数、生长特性为基础,探讨了主流条件下的城市污水处理系统中优势功能微生物的变迁。综述了当前普遍采用的低溶氧 (DO) 限制、好氧-缺氧交替、生物强化、投加抑制剂、泥龄 (SRT) 筛选、低亚氮等NOB抑制策略,并总结了单一抑制策略无法长期、稳定抑制NOB活性,需进一步考察多重策略的联合作用。继而,从性能和工艺复杂程度,对目前普遍采用的实现多重策略联合调控的反应系统进行了探讨。提出采用活性污泥模型 (ASM) 与实验相结合的方法,为助力主流PN/A工艺运行调控提供了新思路,并指出深化基础理论的研究,开发新型的组合工艺强化NOB的抑制及脱氮性能稳定也是可行的发展方向。     

实际垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮的常温实现及低温维持

采用单级UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际垃圾渗滤液,主要考察了常、低温条件下,该生化系统短程生物脱氮的长期稳定性,同时研究了SBR内短程硝化的实现机理及微生物种群特性.598d试验结果表明:单级UASB-SBR生化系统对渗滤液内COD,NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为92.0%,99.2%和98.0%以上,实现渗滤液内有机物和氮的深度去除.经过116d运行,SBR系统实现了短程硝化,亚硝积累率(NAR)达到90%以上,此后稳定运行,成功跨越2个冬季,15℃以下共计171d,最低温度为10.2℃.游离氨(FA)和过程控制的协同作用是实现与维持SBR 内短程硝化的决定因素.荧光原位杂交(FISH)技术检测表明:氨氧化菌(AOB)已经成为SBR硝化菌群中的优势菌属.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)检测表明:AOB菌属以活椭球状亚硝化球菌属(Nitrosococcus)和杆状亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)为主.