Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

Density functional theory (DFT) studies of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts

Based on density functional theory (DFT) and basic structure models, the chemical reactions on the surface of vanadium-titanium based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification catalysts were summarized. Reasonable structural models (non-periodic and periodic structural models) are the basis of density functional calculations. A periodic structure model was more appropriate to represent the catalyst surface, and its theoretical calculation results were more comparable with the experimental results than a non-periodic model. It is generally believed that the SCR mechanism where NH₃ and NO react to produce N₂ and H₂O follows an Eley-Rideal type mechanism. NH₂NO was found to be an important intermediate in the SCR reaction, with multiple production routes. Simultaneously, the effects of H₂O, SO₂ and metal on SCR catalysts were also summarized.     

乌鲁木齐市汽车尾气污染状况调查

对乌鲁木齐市主要街道受汽车尾气污染的调查和综合分析得到CO、NOx、HC的污染规律,主要街道路中心空气中CO、NOx日均值已超出国家大气环境质量二级标准,市区主要街道的人行道空气中NOx含量已超出二级标准,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类道路人行道空气中CO含量已超标;在三类街道中,Ⅰ类街道车流量最大,Ⅱ类次之,Ⅲ类最少,而汽车排放尾气对街道空气污染状况为Ⅲ类最重、Ⅱ类次之、Ⅰ类最轻。     

中国华北地区冬季大气污染物航空测量(Ⅰ)——空中气态污染物污染特征研究

为掌握致酸大气污染物ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 的空间浓度分布，并探讨上述污染物扩散、迁移和传输规律，进而研究其在酸性降水形成过程中的作用，在“八五”期间酸性降水的研究中，针对中国华北地区城市和工业集中以及ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 等酸性大气污染物排放量大的特点，以石家庄及其以东地区为飞行区域，进行了华北地区冬季空中ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 污染特征的航空测量。通过测定发现在华北地区１－５ ｋｍ 左右的空中存在着ＳＯ２ 和ＮＯｘ 高浓度污染空域，同时ＳＯ２ 存在着高浓度汇集区     

采用钙钛矿型催化剂(La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3)同时催化去除NOx和碳烟的研究

将钙钛矿型催化剂与碳烟均匀混合后置于固定床连续流动反应体系中,利用程序升温反应技术,在模拟柴油机尾气的情况下对同时催化去除氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟的反应进行了实验研究.通过改变含Cu原料的用量,得到不同Cu取代量的催化剂La0.8K0.2CuxMn1-xO3,性能评价结果表明,La0.8K0.2Cu0.05Mn0.95O3催化剂的综合性能较好,碳烟的起燃温度及NO向N2的最大转化率分别为280℃和58.0%.采用该催化剂,进一步考察了进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、进气总流量及催化剂与碳烟的接触状况对反应的影响.研究结果表明,进气中NO浓度、O2浓度、气体总流量和催化剂与碳烟之间的接触状况对NO的去除率的影响比较明显,而对碳烟起燃温度的影响较小.O2浓度从5%变为7.5%时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别从280℃和53.8%变为270℃和96.7%.碳烟与催化剂松散接触时,碳烟的起燃温度及最大NO转化率分别为290℃和48.4%,紧密接触时分别为275℃和70.4%.而进气中NO浓度、气体总流量的变化对碳烟的燃烧基本上没有影响,虽然NO的转化率有明显变化,但生成的N2总量基本不变.     

中国NOx控制制度研究

中国NOx污染呈现总量逐年增加的趋势,已成为大气污染治理的主要内容.从NOx的控制制度、排放指标上对我国现行NOx控制体系进行了分析,并对我国进一步完善NOx控制制度及标准提出了建议.主要建议有(1)降低NOx控制标准适应当前环境状况;(2)应用科学方法,制订合理的NOx总量控制标准和制度;(3)制订氮氧化物排放标准;(4)浓度控制和总量控制结合.总量控制的实施要注意污染物排放标准制定的政策取向;总量控制法的基本原理和程序;总量控制结合排放标准控制.     

常温空气无焰燃烧中NOx生成的研究

研究了常温空气无焰燃烧中Nox的生成规律.实验研究和计算分析表明,在燃烧器射流对称轴上(300mm×2000mm的空间内),自喷口至炉膛中心处,有一个温度较低的剧烈的燃气与空气扩散混合区,在此区域内,不生成Nox;温度大于1320K的区域,开始生成N2O;在炉膛后部温度大于1810K的高温区,开始生成NO.过量空气系数与容积热负荷对烟气中Nox生成量的影响不大与传统的扩散火焰或预混火焰不同,常温空气无焰燃烧反应发生在一个弥散的宽广区域,在整个炉膛内同时进行,炉膛内高温区面积很小,因而Nox的生成量低,排放稳定.     

电晕氧化结合化学吸收脱除烟气中NO2实验研究

实验研究了直流电晕湿空气自由基簇射结合25%的NaOH溶液吸收的NOx脱除过程．结果表明：通过调节流过喷嘴电极中的空气流量,可以得到稳定的流光电晕;空气中水蒸汽对NOx脱除效率有影响;在反应器内同时有HNO2和HNO3生成;实验工况下,反应器NOx转化率45％以上,经吸收液吸收后系统总脱氮效率可达70％．     

贫燃条件下汽车尾气中NOx催化净化研究进展

汽车尾气排放的NOx(主要是NO)是城市大气的主要污染源之一。本综述了近l0年来贫燃条件下NOx催化转化为N2的催化剂研究进展。这些方法包括HC-SCR、NO直接催化分解、NOx吸附-还原等。讨论了不同催化剂的性能影响因素。新的负载材料MFI、MCM-41、SAPO-34的应用增强了催化剂的性能。双功能催化剂由于两种活性位的协同作用表现出较高的活性和选择性。新的纳米结构概念催化剂NOx吸附还原中发现有广泛应用。介绍了上述催化脱除NOx的各种机理并指出了今后研究的方向。     

低温烟气脱氮活性炭基催化剂

活性炭基催化剂是低温烟气脱氮的优良催化剂。本文探讨了活性炭基催化荆的低温脱氮机理，分析了催化荆性能的影响因素，比较了各种催化荆的脱氮机理和性能，在此基础上指出了今后的研究方向。