Simulating soil organic matter with CQESTR (v. 2.0): Model description and validation against long-term experiments across North America

Soil carbon (C) models are important tools for examining complex interactions between climate, crop and soil management practices, and to evaluate the long-term effects of management practices on C-storage potential in soils. CQESTR is a process-based carbon balance model that relates crop residue additions and crop and soil management to soil organic matter (SOM) accretion or loss. This model was developed for national use in U.S and calibrated initially in the Pacific Northwest. Our objectives were: (i) to revise the model, making it more applicable for wider geographic areas including potential international application, by modifying the thermal effect and incorporating soil texture and drainage effects, and (ii) to recalibrate and validate it for an extended range of soil properties and climate conditions. The current version of CQESTR (v. 2.0) is presented with the algorithms necessary to simulate SOM at field scale. Input data for SOM calculation include crop rotation, aboveground and belowground biomass additions, tillage, weather, and the nitrogen content of crop residues and any organic amendments. The model was validated with long-term data from across North America. Regression analysis of 306 pairs of predicted and measured SOM data under diverse climate, soil texture and drainage classes, and agronomic practices at 13 agricultural sites having a range of SOM (7.3–57.9 g SOM kg⁻¹), resulted in a linear relationship with an r² of 0.95 (P < 0.0001) and a 95% confidence interval of 4.3 g SOM kg⁻¹. Using the same data the version 1.0 of CQESTR had an r² of 0.71 with a 95% confidence interval of 5.5 g SOM kg⁻¹. The model can be used as a tool to predict and evaluate SOM changes from various management practices and offers the potential to estimate C accretion required for C credits.     

MS SQL SERVER复制技术在地震前兆数据集成中的应用

基于WINDOWS NT 网络操作系统的MS SQL SERVER复制环境，分析并探讨了SQL SERVER复制技术、 复制模块的参数设置及其在地震前兆数据集成中的应用。 通过实例说明了SQL SERVER复制技术在地震前兆数据集成中应用的可行性。 同时，对复制过程中常出现的事务日志空间问题进行了剖析，并提出了解决办法。 分析结果表明，应用SQL SERVER复制技术进行数据交换、 共享及应用是较为有效的，而且也是可行的。     

Increased fetal nuchal translucency at 11–14 weeks

Nuchal translucency (NT) is the sonographic appearance of a subcutaneous collection of fluid behind the fetal neck. The measurement of fetal NT thickness at the 11–14-week scan has been combined with maternal age to provide an effective method of screening for trisomy 21; for an invasive testing rate of 5%, about 75% of trisomic pregnancies can be identified. When maternal serum free-β human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) at 11–14 weeks are also taken into account, the detection rate of chromosomal defects is about 90%. Increased NT can also identify a high proportion of other chromosomal abnormalities and is associated with major defects of the heart and great arteries, and a wide range of skeletal dysplasias and genetic syndromes. In monochorionic twins, discordancy for increased NT is an early marker of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). As with the introduction of any new technology into routine clinical practice, it is essential that those undertaking the 11–14-week scan are adequately trained and their results are subjected to rigorous audit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fe^0还原土壤中不同结构甲基和氯代硝基苯

采用零价铁（Fe^0）在常温常压下分别还原土壤中邻、间、对三种氯代硝基苯和硝基甲苯。结果表明：相同取代基在苯环上不同取代位置对还原率的影响差别不大。在硝基芳烃化合物浓度约为2．5×10^-6mol／g,Fe^0加入量为50mg／g,25℃条件下,经过5天反应,邻、间、对三种硝基甲苯的还原率均在70％左右,三种氯代硝基苯的还原率则在90％以上。结合计算机模拟所得的六种硝基芳烃的质子亲和力和电子亲和力,对硝还原这两类硝基芳烃的机理进行了初步探讨。