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以经过高温驯化的污泥作为厌氧微生物,以餐厨垃圾作为发酵基质,向发酵体系中加入不同浓度Fe2+、Mg2+和Ni2+进行单因素实验。实验结果表明:当Fe2+、Mg2+和Ni2+加入量分别为800、250和0.50 mg/L时,挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量最大,分别为23.58、22.38和23.08 g/L;加入不同浓度Fe2+、Mg2+和Ni2+的厌氧发酵液相产物中丁酸含量均最高,但在一定浓度范围内随着金属离子的添加,发酵产物中丁酸所占的比例逐渐减小,乙酸所占比例逐渐增加;加入适量金属离子在一定程度上能够抑制发酵液中氨氮的溶出。 相似文献
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利用Mn/Ce复合氧化物催化剂对“年老”垃圾渗滤液主要组分正己酸、正丁酸、乙酸及氨氮进行催化湿式氧化(CWAO)降解,分析了CWAO降解过程中有机酸之间及氨氮与有机酸之间的关系.结果表明,CWAO可降解垃圾渗滤液中正己酸、正丁酸、乙酸,反应进行120min时TOC去除率均达90%以上.降解乙酸、正丁酸和正己酸混合溶液时,升温过程出现有机酸相互抑制降解现象.氨氮的存在导致正丁酸的降解率下降,而有机酸的存在也抑制了氨氮的降解.Ni2+可使催化剂中毒,使催化剂活性降低. 相似文献
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研究了不同浓度的柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸对蛇纹岩发育土壤镍(Ni)、钴(Co)的活化效果.结果表明,在较低浓度(<10mmol/L)时,3种有机酸对土壤中的Ni、Co活化效果均较差.柠檬酸对元江、墨江土壤Ni的最大活化比例分别为9.1%、12.9%,远大于其他2种有机酸(P<0.05).各有机酸活化能力的大小为柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸,同时Ni、Co活化量之间存在一定的相关性.基于结合率与Ni、Co活化量的考虑,在蛇纹岩发育土壤的化学修复或螯合诱导植物修复中,10~30mmol/L的有机酸是较为适合的浓度.草酸在50mmol/L时,对Ni、Co的活化效果有所降低. 相似文献
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干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜(Brassica cole)中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。 相似文献
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HEIKO U. WITTMER ROBERT SERROUYA L. MARK ELBROCH ANDREW J. MARSHALL 《Conservation biology》2013,27(2):254-260
Apparent competition is an indirect interaction between 2 or more prey species through a shared predator, and it is increasingly recognized as a mechanism of the decline and extinction of many species. Through case studies, we evaluated the effectiveness of 4 management strategies for species affected by apparent competition: predator control, reduction in the abundances of alternate prey, simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey, and no active management of predators or alternate prey. Solely reducing predator abundances rapidly increased abundances of alternate and rare prey, but observed increases are likely short‐lived due to fast increases in predator abundance following the cessation of control efforts. Substantial reductions of an abundant alternate prey resulted in increased predation on endangered huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) deer in Chilean Patagonia, which highlights potential risks associated with solely reducing alternate prey species. Simultaneous removal of predators and alternate prey increased survival of island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) in California (U.S.A.) above a threshold required for population recovery. In the absence of active management, populations of rare woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) continued to decline in British Columbia, Canada. On the basis of the cases we examined, we suggest the simultaneous control of predators and alternate prey is the management strategy most likely to increase abundances and probabilities of persistence of rare prey over the long term. Knowing the mechanisms driving changes in species’ abundances before implementing any management intervention is critical. We suggest scientists can best contribute to the conservation of species affected by apparent competition by clearly communicating the biological and demographic forces at play to policy makers responsible for the implementation of proposed management actions. Estrategias de Conservación para Especies Afectadas por Competencia Aparente 相似文献
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Cindy E. Hauser Katherine M. Giljohann Michael A. McCarthy Georgia E. Garrard Andrew P. Robinson Nicholas S. G. Williams Joslin L. Moore 《Conservation biology》2022,36(3):e13888
Surveys aimed at finding threatened and invasive species can be challenging due to individual rarity and low and variable individual detection rates. Detection rate in plant surveys typically varies due to differences among observers, among the individual plants being surveyed (targets), and across background environments. Interactions among these 3 components may occur but are rarely estimated due to limited replication and control during data collection. We conducted an experiment to investigate sources of variation in detection of 2 Pilosella species that are invasive and sparsely distributed in the Alpine National Park, Australia. These species are superficially similar in appearance to other yellow-flowered plants occurring in this landscape. We controlled the presence and color of flowers on target Pilosella plants and controlled their placement in plots, which were selected for their variation in cover of non-target yellow flowers and dominant vegetation type. Observers mimicked Pilosella surveys in the plots and reported 1 categorical and 4 quantitative indicators of their survey experience level. We applied survival analysis to detection data to model the influence of both controlled and uncontrolled variables on detection rate. Orange- and yellow-flowering Pilosella in grass- and heath-dominated vegetation were detected at a higher rate than nonflowering Pilosella. However, this detection gain diminished as the cover of other co-occurring yellow-flowering species increased. Recent experience with Pilosella surveys improved detection rate. Detection experiments are a direct and accessible means of understanding detection processes and interpreting survey data for threatened and invasive species. Our detection findings have been used for survey planning and can inform progress toward eradication. Interaction of target and background characteristics determined detection rate, which enhanced predictions in the Pilosella eradication program and demonstrated the difficulty of transferring detection findings into untested environments. 相似文献
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