Brassinosteroid alleviates phenanthrene and pyrene phytotoxicity by increasing detoxification activity and photosynthesis in tomato

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (BR) on growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of tomato seedlings grown under different levels (0, 10, 30, 100 and 300 μM) of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene (PYR) in hydroponics. A concentration-dependent decrease in growth, photosynthetic pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximal quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), effective quantum yield of PSII (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) has been observed following PHE and PYR exposure. By contrast, non-photochemical quenching coefficient (NPQ) was increased. PHE was found to induce higher stress than PYR. However, foliar or root application of BR (50 nM and 5 nM, respectively) alleviated all those depressions with a sharp improvement in the activity of photosynthetic machinery. The activities of guaicol peroxidase (GPOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased in a dose-dependent manner under PHE or PYR treatments. Compared with control the highest increments of GPOD, CAT, APX, GR and MDA by PHE/PYR alone treatments were observed following 300 μM concentration, which were 67%, 87%, 53%, 95% and 74% by PHE and 42%, 53%, 30%, 86% and 62% by PYR, respectively. In addition, both reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were induced by PHE or PYR. Interestingly, BR application in either form further increased enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in tomato roots treated with PHE or PYR. Our results suggest that BR has an anti-stress effect on tomato seedlings contaminated with PHE or PYR and this effect is mainly attributed by increased detoxification activity.     

芦苇秸秆生物炭对水中菲和1,1-二氯乙烯的吸附特性

在500℃热解温度下自制芦苇秸秆生物炭吸附剂,研究生物炭对水中两种典型有机污染物菲(PHE)和1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-DCE)的吸附特性,探讨其吸附机制,并考察溶液p H和生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,生物炭对PHE和1,1-DCE的吸附分别在60 min和480 min时达到平衡,最大去除率分别为81.87%和90.18%,两者的吸附动力学规律均符合准二级动力学方程,其中PHE的二级动力学吸附速率大于1,1-DCE,两者的吸附过程均由膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同控制,且后者是主要限速步骤;两种有机污染物的等温吸附曲线均可用Freundlich方程描述,且生物炭对1,1-DCE的吸附亲和力强于PHE;PHE和1,1-DCE在生物炭上的吸附机制包括表面吸附作用和分配作用,且以表面吸附作用为主,其中1,1-DCE的表面吸附作用大于PHE,而其分配作用小于PHE,说明污染物性质中分子体积和相对极性是影响总体吸附的主要因素;红外图谱显示,含氧、含氢官能团及π—π相互作用对生物炭吸附两种有机污染物有重要贡献;溶液p H对生物炭吸附PHE和1,1-DCE的影响较小,而生物炭投加量从5增至50 mg时,PHE和1,1-DCE的平衡吸附量分别减少6.78倍和2.18倍,去除率分别提高20.21%和15.78%.