地质样品中27项元素的粉末压片法x射线荧光光谱测定

本文报导了用x射线荧光光谱法—次粉末压片制样同时测定Na. Mg. Al. Si.P. S. K. Ca. Ti. V. Cr. Mn. Fe. Co. Ni. Cu. Zn. Rb. Sr. Y. Zr. Nb. Ba. Hf. Pb. Th. U等27项元素的快速分析方法。从理论上提出了新的基体效应学校正模式,首次引入了非荧光分析的物质(筒称NFAM)的新概念;并计算了理论α系数,使理论α系数在粉末压片法x射线荧光分析中获得了应用。本方法测定的对象可以是岩石,土壤和水系沉积物等地质样品。     

浊点萃取分离富集荧光光度法测定水中α - 萘酚

基于非离子表面活性剂Triton X-114,采用浊点萃取分离富集荧光光度法测定水中α-萘酚,优化了影响浊点萃取的各种因素,包括样品酸度、表面活性剂体积分数、氢氧化钠溶液浓度、平衡温度和时间等,讨论了常见无机离子和可能共存的有机物的干扰。方法在0.010 mg/L～0.400 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为3.0μg/L,标准溶液测定的RSD为4.8%,水样加标回收率为94.3%～103%。     

A Monte Carlo study of radon detection in cylindrical diffusion chambers

The functioning of radon diffusion chambers was studied using the Monte Carlo code RAMMX developed here. The alpha particles from radon are assumed randomly produced in the volume of the cylinder, and those from the progeny are assumed to originate randomly at the cylindrical surface. The energy spectrum, the distribution of incident angles, and the distribution of path lengths of the alpha particles on the detector were obtained. These quantities vary depending on input parameters such as initial alpha particle energy, radius and depth of the diffusion chamber, detector size and atmospheric pressure. The calculated energy spectrum for both ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn was compared with experiment, permitting the identification of each peak and its origin, and a better understanding of radon monitoring. Three aspects not considered in previous calculations are progeny alphas coming from surfaces of the monitor, taking into account the atmospheric pressure, and including the isotope ²²⁰Rn.     

Releases of phosphate fertilizer industry in the surrounding environment: Investigation on heavy metals and polonium-210 in soil

Distribution of Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn concentrations and the activity of polonium-210 in the surrounding area of a phosphate fertilizer industry located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea has been determined.Nineteen sampling sites were distributed around the industrial zone on a surface area of about 100,000 m2.Atomic absorption spectroscopy and Alpha spectroscopy were used to quantify the heavy elements and polonium-210,respectively.Investigation on a particle scale was conducted by TEM and SEM coupled to EDX and X-ray cartography to determine the nature of heavy elements carriers and their distribution.Heavy elements were mainly concentrated inside the particle size fraction 50 μm.Their levels decreased with distance increasing from the industry.According to the reference soil,enrichment factors were about 10,15,32 and 100 times for Zn,Pb,Cu,and Cr,respectively inside the particle size fraction 50 μm on the closest sites to the industry.The main contaminant sources were transport and storage of row materials and the free release of phosphogypsum waste.Heavy elements were entrapped inside agglomerates of sulfates,phosphates and iron oxihydroxides in a di used shape.Polonium-210 with an enrichment factor of about 56,showed the same behavior of the spatial distribution of the trace elements.     

Amniotic fluid-AFP in Down syndrome and other chromosome abnormalities

80·2 Per cent of 111 Down syndrome pregnancies had amniotic fluid (AF) alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels on or below the median and 10·8 per cent at or below 0·5 MoM compared with 41·9 and 1·4 per cent of controls. These differences were even more striking when the gestational age was < 18 weeks compared with ⩾ 18 weeks. No such association was seen for other chromosome abnormalities including trisomy 18,45,X and mosaics, 47,XXY, 47,XXX, and other structural abnormalities and triploidy, even when high levels due to defects such as omphalocele and cystic hygroma were excluded. All cases of trisomy 13 and 80 per cent with 47,XYY had AF-AFP levels above the median. Selection of cases for karyotyping by a low level of AF-AFP would clearly fail to detect aneuploidies other than Down syndrome and is not recommended. A possible weak association between low maternal serum (MS) and AF-AFPs in Down syndrome was most evident at < 18 weeks, suggesting that MS screening between 16 and 18 weeks may be the most informative time.     

Uranium isotopes in Tunisian bottled mineral waters

²³⁴U and ²³⁸U activity concentrations and their relative effective doses have been determined in 10 bottled mineral waters in Tunisia. Alpha spectrometry was used as technique to measure uranium isotopes. The obtained isotopic ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U varies between 1.1 and 3 which means that the two isotopes are not in radioactive equilibrium. Measured activity concentration varies between 3.2 and 40 mBq/l for ²³⁴U and between 1.5 and 26.3 mBq/l for ²³⁸U. Effective doses (assuming 2 litres per day of water consumption) coming from this two isotopes are found to vary between 0.16 and 2.02 μSv/a which is lower than the maximum recommended dose level by the WHO.     

Fractionation of natural radionuclides in soils from the vicinity of a former uranium mine ?irovski vrh, Slovenia

As a result of former uranium mining and milling activities at ?irovski vrh, Slovenia, 0.6 million tons of uranium mill tailings (UMT) were deposited onto a nearby waste pile Boršt. Resulting enhanced levels of natural radionuclides in UMT could pose threat for the surrounding environment. Therefore, sequential extraction protocol was performed to assess mobility and bioavailability of ²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, ²³⁰Th and ²²⁶Ra in soils from the waste pile and its surrounding. The radionuclides associated with exchangeable, organic, carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides and residual fraction, respectively, were determined. Results showed that the highest activity concentrations for the studied radionuclides were on the bottom of the waste pile. In non-contaminated locations, about 80% of all radionuclides were in the residual fraction. Considering activity concentrations in the UMT, ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U are the most mobile. Mobility of ²²⁶Ra is suppressed by high sulphate concentrations and is similar to mobility of ²³⁰Th.     

草原流域地下水化学时空特征及环境驱动因素——以内蒙古巴拉格尔河流域为例

为查明内蒙古草原流域地下水水化学特征、成因及其环境意义,选择巴拉格尔河流域为研究对象,以Piper三线图、Gibbs图、主成分分析法（PCA）和内梅罗指数法等对2018~2019年丰水期、枯水期46处92个浅层地下水水样进行分析.结果表明：研究区地下水呈现弱碱性环境,属于淡水,枯水期多数离子含量高于丰水期,空间分布整体呈现出西高东低的特点;地下水水化学类型多样,以HCO₃^–-Ca²⁺·Na⁺型占主导,HCO₃^–-Ca²⁺型、HCO₃^–--Ca²⁺·Mg²⁺型、HCO₃^–-Na⁺型和HCO₃^–-Ca²⁺·Na⁺·Mg²⁺型等多种共存;不同河段枯水期水化学差异不显著,但丰水期地下水离子具空间特征,地下水化学成分来源变化复杂;地下水化学离子主要受岩石风化作用控制,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐、硅酸盐和蒸发岩的溶解,其中碳酸盐占主导,Na⁺、K⁺来自岩盐的溶解;地下水级别较好水居多,其次为较差和良好,极差、优良水占比最小,总体水质偏好;碳酸盐岩石风化、水岩溶滤作用和人类活动是研究区地下水化学特征演化的主要驱动因素.研究成果可为区域草原生态环境保护与恢复、水资源开发利用及流域生态水文研究提供技术参考与依据.     

Amniotic fluid enzymes in pregnancies with trisomy 21

The activities of a range of microvillous enzymes in amniotic fluid from normal pregnancies (n = 213) and those complicated by trisomy 21 (n = 26) were compared in a prospective study. Using a centrifugal analyser, the activities of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate transferase (AST), and isoenzymes of alkaline phosphate (ALP) were measured in amniotic fluid alongside alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Of the markers studied, LAP was found to be the most reliable indicator of trisomy 21. Using levels below the 5th percentile, LAP showed sensitivity 73 per cent, specificity 94 per cent, and predictive value positive 63 percent. Although these tests would not replace karyotyping in all cases, the measurement of LAP could be useful as a rapid initial screening test, particularly when amniocentesis is performed for indications other than chromosomal abnormalities.     

海上石油平台安全应急培训--以Piper Alpha平台火灾导致沉没事故为例

回顾了发生在英国北海的一起海洋石油行业内的重大安全事故．对事故的经过和影响做了概述．并重点对人员死亡和安全培训的情况进行分析．从而为石油行业提供借鉴。