工业有毒物质防治的技术措施

简要介绍了几种毒物防治的技术措施。     

有毒化学品销毁设施的环境保护

销毁有毒化学品时最重要的是确保人员安全与健康，以及生态环境安全。因此，其销毁活动必须遵守严格的安全与环保规定。介绍了有毒化学品销毁设施的安全与环境设计标准、控制工艺废弃物，尤其是有毒废气的具体做法，以及销毁设施内部、作业区附近的环境监测方案。这些环境保护措施同样也适用于其他有毒化学品销毁设施。     

上海市陆源入海排污口污染物分析与评价研究

对上海市12个陆源入海排污口污染状况进行了研究。在常规项目监测的基础上,采用GC-MS定性分析了样品中的有毒有机物。同时还对5个排污口进行了遗传毒性的实验分析。结果表明,某些排污口常规污染指标均符合排放标准但同时又分析鉴定出大量有毒有机物存在的现象。文章对监测结果加以细致分析和评价研究,提出在排污口监测中应当引入有毒有机污染物和遗传毒性的监测。     

First evidence of poisonous shrews with an envenomation apparatus

Herein, we report evidence of an envenomation apparatus (EA) in two different species of extinct “giant” shrews, Beremendia and an indeterminate soricine (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Soricidae), documented by very well preserved fossil specimens recovered from two Early Pleistocene cave deposits of the Sierra de Atapuerca in Burgos, Spain. The two soricine taxa from Atapuerca have evolved specialized teeth as EAs, which differ from those of recently reported mammals of the Paleocene age, being more similar to the ones described in the modern Solenodon. This discovery reveals the first instance of shrews possessing what appears to be an EA, an evolutionary adaptation that, in these species, was probably related to an increase in body mass and hunting of a larger-sized prey. The Atapuerca specimens would have a highly specialized EA, one of the very few reported for an extinct or living mammal of any time. In addition to the presence of a gutter-like groove along the medial side of the crown of the lower incisors, these two species also present stout jaws and a modified mandibular symphysis with a conspicuous cavity, which in life would likely contain large amounts of connective tissue. The strong mandible architecture of these large shrews would be, in this way, reinforced by a more immovable symphysis, increasing the bite force exerted over a potential prey. This adaptation, together with the grooved incisors, would ensure a rapid and efficient transmission of the poisonous saliva to paralyze relatively large-sized prey.     

当代世界50起重大毒性灾害初析

本文对当代世界１９３０～１９９２年５０起重大毒性灾害进行了分析。其中药物中毒６起，食物中毒７起，环境污染８起，毒气泄漏５起，有毒化学品与有毒气体爆炸９起，核爆炸与核辐射６起，恐怖行为２起，其它毒性灾害７起。本文还对减轻毒性灾害的基本对策进行了探讨。     

水污染的生物自动监测

生物监测是指有规则地或连续地评价一个或多个参数,而且可以用来测定有害状态。通过对生物监测领域发展状况的描述,建议水污染质量控制系统要把生物和化学-物理信息结合起来,并根据生物监测的数据进行修正,利用水生生物来及早地警报水体中存在有毒物质,并与电子计算机设备相结合,形成早期警报毒性监测系统,提出了发展生物自动监测系统的可行性,指出它在水污染控制中将成为必要的工具。     

耐寒人工湿地植物石龙芮和酸模联用研究

为了提高人工湿地在寒冷季节的运行效率,对2种非夏季植物作为湿地植物处理生活污水的可行性进行了研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下2种植物对N、P元素都具有很好的去除效果,对COD的去除也达到45%～50%。通过单一植物系统和复合植物系统的处理效果比较,发现石龙芮酸模复合植物系统对污水中的P元素和COD的去除率更高。研究表明,石龙芮和酸模作为人工湿地植物具有可行性,与常规植物互补使用能在一定程度上延长人工湿地的运行时间。