Supporting Diverse Data Providers in the Open Water Data Initiative: Communicating Water Data Quality and Fitness of Use

Shared, trusted, timely data are essential elements for the cooperation needed to optimize economic, ecologic, and public safety concerns related to water. The Open Water Data Initiative (OWDI) will provide a fully scalable platform that can support a wide variety of data from many diverse providers. Many of these will be larger, well‐established, and trusted agencies with a history of providing well‐documented, standardized, and archive‐ready products. However, some potential partners may be smaller, distributed, and relatively unknown or untested as data providers. The data these partners will provide are valuable and can be used to fill in many data gaps, but can also be variable in quality or supplied in nonstandardized formats. They may also reflect the smaller partners' variable budgets and missions, be intermittent, or of unknown provenance. A challenge for the OWDI will be to convey the quality and the contextual “fitness” of data from providers other than the most trusted brands. This article reviews past and current methods for documenting data quality. Three case studies are provided that describe processes and pathways for effective data‐sharing and publication initiatives. They also illustrate how partners may work together to find a metadata reporting threshold that encourages participation while maintaining high data integrity. And lastly, potential governance is proposed that may assist smaller partners with short‐ and long‐term participation in the OWDI.     

全国土壤污染状况调查(上海地区)样品制备技术

以全国土壤污染状况调查(上海地区)土壤制备为例,阐述了风干、粗磨、细磨、分装、分发全过程;列举了工作场所、制样工具、盛样容器等硬件条件;分析了人工制备土壤样品过程中人的不确定因素;摸索了合适制样时刻;提供了制备过程质量保证措施并介绍了土壤样品制备的先进仪器和技术。重点讨论了样品制备的自查与监督检查、装样容器的选择与清洗、土样的代表性、均匀性等方面的制备细节,说明了统一的标签、编码及文件记录在土壤样品的采集、制备、检测多单位协作完成过程中的重要性。