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1.
德国《环境责任法》的基本内容和特色介评 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
简要论述了德国《环境责任法》的主要内容和特色 ,包括因果关系推定、无过失责任原则、受害人的咨询请求权制度以及责任保险、财务担保制度等。 相似文献
2.
A sampled data set can often be classified into several groups, say K, defined by covariates. While within each group it is usually reasonable to assume that the observations are homogeneous, group effects are frequently far from being negligible. Suppose it is of interest to compare two treatments non-parametrically. A rank test is naturally called for within each group. However, the group effects, in location as well as in scale, prevent the rank test from being carried out with pooled data across the groups. A suitable way to compare treatments is to combine the K independent rank tests, one from each group. The key to such a combining procedure is a good weighting scheme which typically is a function of the sample sizes and sample dispersion. In order to use the combined statistic for testing, the weights need to be consistent so that inferences can be made based on the asymptotic null distribution of the combined test statistic. However, when there are censored observations, non-parametric consistent estimators of dispersion parameters are usually nonexistent because of the lack of tail information. Zhang offered a method of accommodating the consistency problem through estimating the ratios of group dispersion parameters. The consistency of the weights are supported by the consistency of the quantile estimation based on Kaplan–Meier estimators. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, of statistical interest, it is to illustrate the application of the general method proposed by Zhang with some well water contamination data. Second, of environmental interest, it is shown that application of fertilizer increases the level of nitrate contamination in water from shallow wells. 相似文献
3.
In recent decades, many changes have occurred in the approach to financing and operating water services in developing countries. The demand‐responsive approach is now adopted in many countries in a context of donor‐supported decentralization processes, which gives more responsibility to end users. However, the government's responsibility at different levels is enforced by the international recognition of the human right to water. This paper examines specific actions that build the role of local government authorities in this scenario. A collaboration between an international NGO and a rural district in Tanzania from 2006 to 2009 is used as an action research case study that is representative of local capacity‐building needs in decentralized contexts and rural areas. Three main challenges were detected: i) lack of reliable information; ii) poor allocation of resources in terms of equity; and iii) lack of long‐term community management support from the district. Two mechanisms were established: i) water point mapping as a tool for information and planning; and ii) a District Water and Sanitation Unit Support (DWUS) for community management. The results show how the framework provided by the goal of human right to water helps to define useful strategies for equity‐oriented planning and post‐project support at the local level. 相似文献
5.
污染物排放总量控制和排污权交易对清洁生产的促进作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对污染物排放总量控制和排污权交易及清洁生产进行了系统分析 ,指出了三者之间的内在联系。论述了污染物总量控制和排污权交易的市场运作机制 ,以及对推行清洁生产的促进作用。并阐述了清洁生产为实现总量控制目标所发挥的作用。 相似文献
6.
“限期治理”是我国环境保护法的一项基本制度,文章从四个方面详尽地阐述了“限期治理”决定不是一种行政处罚行为,即“限期治理”决定不具有行政处罚的一般特征;“限期治理”决定并并未对行政管理相对人的权利作任何否定;该决定不会影响行政管理相对人固有权利义务的消长;从“环保法”法典的篇章结构安排上和行政行为的性质上分析,“限期治理”决定也不是一种行政处罚行为。正确理解“限期治理”的法律性质,可以避免对企业行 相似文献
7.
There has been considerable research on North–South issues on climate change; however, little work has been done on how the recent discovery of oil in some developing countries could affect North–South relations, the prospects for development for the South, climate change and local socio-environmental issues. Using the theory of inclusive development, the concept of the Right to Development, and their relation to stranded assets, this paper addresses the question: what does inclusive development imply at the national and global level in dealing with oil extraction in the context of climate change? Based on a literature review and a layered case study of Kenya, this paper concludes that (a) Kenyans argue that Kenya has a right to extract and use oil resources and that rich countries should reduce their extraction and use; (b) such a claim could be integrated in an appropriate emissions trading scheme; and that (c) Kenya should also account for the national and local socioecological aspects to reduce potential local conflict, yet the conditions favoring inclusive development are not yet established. However, such an argument may also lead to perverse results. If addressing climate change requires phasing out fossil fuels, this argument may lead to stranded assets in both developed and developing countries, and may ironically leave developing countries poorer off as stranded assets are possibly more expensive than having stranded resources. 相似文献
8.
为保护大亚湾开发区的环境,充分运用社会主义市场经济手段配置环境资源,提高环保投资效益,在国内外排污权交易研究和实践的基础上,充分考虑环境污染物排放总量控制实施中的经济、技术、管理因素,提出了排污权交易实施的原则、程序等具体方案,明确了环境行政管理部门和企业法人在总量控制实施中的地位、具体行为和关系。研究结果已经在大亚湾开发区应用。 相似文献
9.
Lynn L. Bergeson 《环境质量管理》2019,28(3):141-144
In the recent past, two important states—California and New York—have launched extensive and precedent‐setting ingredient disclosure laws regarding cleaning products with the clear goal of prompting the deselection of certain chemical substances and forcing product reformulation. Industry prefers to refer to this trend as “ingredient communication,” a goal we can all agree is desirable. By whatever name, these state measures will have a significant impact on ingredient disclosure trends across product lines, likely well beyond their stated application to cleaning products. These state laws are summarized below, followed by a discussion of their similarities, key differences, and their implications. 相似文献
10.
罗晓梅;张佳 《中国人口．资源与环境》2021,31(12):12-22
用能权交易制度能否实现经济增长和节能减排的双赢是亟待检验的实践问题,现有研究缺乏从“企业视角”检验用能权交易制度政策效果的研究成果。文章从能源投入约束条件、投入要素、节能约束条件三方面对DEA模型进行了改进,分别构建了检验“命令-控制”政策和用能权交易制度波特效应的理论模型。以用能权交易制度试点区域114家能源密集型企业为实证研究对象,以资本投入、劳动投入、能源投入为投入变量,以总产值和废气排放量为产出变量,应用改进的DEA模型分别检验了“命令-控制”政策和用能权交易制度在企业层面的波特效应,并对检验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明：①用能权交易制度下,每年所有企业的平均经济潜力和节能潜力均为正,且企业整体的平均经济潜力比“命令-控制”政策下企业整体的平均经济潜力高出的比例为0.4%,相当于所有企业平均每年的总产值增加120亿元,表明用能权交易制度的实施能够在企业整体层面实现波特效应,且相比“命令-控制”政策,实施用能权交易制度能够产生更大的波特效应。②用能权交易制度在企业个体层面的政策效果具有不确定性。各企业的年均节能潜力为正,但部分企业的年均经济潜力出现负值,且86家企业的年均经济潜力低于“命令-控制”政策下企业的年均经济潜力,表明用能权交易制度的实施无法在企业个体层面全面实现波特效应,且其政策效果不一定优于“命令-控制”政策。③对实证结果的进一步分析表明,用能权交易制度下,各企业的波特效应与企业的实际能耗呈显著正相关关系。 相似文献