水分调节材料对牛粪堆肥氨气挥发的影响

利用通风式堆肥发酵方式研究了牛粪堆制过程中氨气的挥发特征和锯末、稻壳、稻草等不同水分调节材料对氨气挥发的影响。结果表明,牛粪堆制过程中主要在前期,尤其是在最初的2周内释放氨气;堆肥期间挥发的氨态氮约为牛粪总含氮量的17%～50%。不同水分调节材料都可以在一定程度上抑制氨气的挥发,但锯末抑制氨气挥发效果最好,其次是稻壳,稻草抑制氨气挥发的效果较小。因此,为了减少氮素损失,应采取适当措施抑制氨挥发或回收挥发的氨气。     

稻壳的资源化利用与节能减排的思考

稻壳是稻谷加工过程中最大的副产品,我国稻壳资源丰富,但目前并没有被充分有效地利用,即浪费了资源、又污染了环境。随着经济与社会的发展,在资源消耗量不断加大的同时,研究稻壳的合理利用,使稻壳资源化、变废为宝,解决污染问题,实现节能减排目标。     

Model experiment on the dynamic process of oil leakage from the double hull tanker

This paper presents an experimental investigation on oil leakage from the double hull tanker (DHT). It is designed to explore the dynamic process of oil leakage from bottom-rupture hole of DHT. The experimental test shows the leakage resistance mechanism of ballast tank space. The behavior of oil leakage from damaged DHT and dynamic features of flow in the overall process are demonstrated from experimental results. The overall process of oil leakage is divided into free-leakage and resistance-leakage stage according to the corresponding power to study the dynamic features of oil-water flow inside or outside the tank. The corresponding dominated factors of oil leakage in different stage are also pointed out, and the unsteady Bernoulli’s equation is used to verify experimental results. Meanwhile, viscous effect in leakage process is discussed and the importance of hydrodynamic features associated with the mechanism of oil leakage is explored from experimental results.     

花生壳吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的动力学和热力学研究

以花生壳为生物吸附剂,通过序批式实验研究了吸附剂投量、吸附时间、金属离子初始质量浓度、吸附温度对吸附金属离子的影响,探讨了花生壳吸附的动力学及热力学特性。结果表明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述花生壳对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Cd^2＋、Ni^2＋的吸附过程。Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型均能较好地描述花生壳对5种重金属离子的等温吸附过程,而Langmuir模型拟合的线性更好。Pb2＋、Cu2＋、Cr3＋、Cd2＋、Ni2＋5种金属离子的最大吸附量分别是32.25、7.09、3.82、2.95、2.22 mg.g-1,花生壳可用于处理低质量浓度多种重金属混合的废水。热力学研究表明,花生壳对5种金属离子的吸附具有自发、吸热和熵增的特性。     

利用稻谷壳水解液在气升式生物反应器中发酵生产单细胞蛋白

以稻谷壳水解液为原料 ,采用树状假丝酵母 AS1.257( Candida arborea AS1.257) ,在罐体高径比为 2.9和上升管与下降管的直径之比为 6.6的外循环气升式生物反应器中发酵生产单细胞蛋白 .研究了通风量、装料量、空气喷嘴直径等工艺和结构参数对发酵的影响 ,得到了较佳的发酵操作参数 .在发酵前 24h的通风量为 1.1m³/( m³· min) ,后 24 h的通风量为 1.4m³/( m³· min)～ 1.5m³/( m³· min) ,起始装料量为 8.5L～ 9.0 L,起始 pH为 4.5～ 5.0 ,发酵温度为 29± 1℃的操作条件下 ,经 48h的发酵 ,可得到较佳的结果 .在无筛板 ,带一块筛板和带二块筛板的外循环气升式生物反应器中 ,发酵 48h后的干基粗蛋白含量分别为 61.3%、62.9%、64.5% ,发酵液中干物质重分别为 20.8mg/ml、21.2 mg/ml、21.3mg/ml,总糖利用率分别为 78.2 %、83.9%、81.4% ,均高于机械搅拌生物反应器 ,气升式生物反应器内加装筛板可提高发酵得率 .     

荞麦皮生物吸附去除水中罗丹明B的吸附条件响应面法及热力学研究

采用Box-Behnken响应面优化实验设计对荞麦皮生物吸附去除水中染料罗丹明B的影响因素（如温度、pH值、染料初始浓度、吸附剂用量）进行研究,建立了去除率与上述因素之间的二次多项式模型,得到荞麦皮去除罗丹明B的最佳条件为：温度50℃、pH=2、罗丹明B初始浓度100mg·L^-1、吸附剂用量11.75g·L^-1,最...     

美国海军舰艇命名体系研究

美国海军舰艇命名体系由任命前缀、舰艇名称、分类代号、舷号4类要素构成,首先分析了每类要素对于命名体系的贡献,然后基于美国海军舰艇命名体系,以美国海军舰艇名册为数据源,通过要素提取、规则建立等步骤分析美国海军现役舰艇组成。经过分析,美国现役715艘舰艇分为战斗舰、辅助舰、战斗艇、支援艇、未在分类代号中定义等5大类67类型177级别,通过对比基于类型与级别规则、基于任命前缀规则的结果挖掘出美国海军现役舰艇组成规律。     

稻壳棒燃烧试验结果与环保效益

本文介绍了稻壳棒燃料的试验结果,并对试验结果的经济性、环保效益和开发前景作了详细分析。     

稻壳焦炭导电特性的影响因素

为开发生物质焦炭电磁屏蔽材料,研究了各种因素对稻壳焦炭导电特性的影响规律.利用自制的高温炭化试验装置,考察了炭化终温、升温速率、终温下的保留时间、粒径大小、催化剂种类及配比等因素对焦炭电阻率的影响规律.研究结果表明:炭化终温对稻壳焦炭电阻率影响较大,特别是在1000℃以下,提高炭化终温可将焦炭电阻率从106 Ω·cm以上降低到2Ω·cm左右;而当炭化终温从1000℃提高到1400℃时,电阻率仅从2Ω·cm左右降低到1.5Ω·cm左右.提高升温速率会降低焦炭产率,但对电阻率的影响不大.延长炭化终温时间对降低电阻率有一定作用,但当物料粒径较小时其作用几乎可以忽略.Fe2O3和NiO可作为炭化催化剂降低焦炭电阻率,两者催化效果相当,稻壳与催化剂的最佳质量配比在50:1左右.当炭化终温>1000℃、升温速率为20℃·min-1、保留时间为30min、稻壳粒径为0.1～0.3mm、稻壳:催化剂=50:1时,所获焦炭电阻率为0.2～1.0Ω·cm.     

Temporal trends (2005-2009) of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs in rice hulls from an e-waste dismantling area after stricter environmental regulations

Primitive e-waste dismantling activities have been of increasing concern due to serious environmental and human health problems, and therefore authorities in China have strengthened the regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. In this work, we used rice hull as a passive sampler and investigated temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in areas near e-waste recycling sites after the stricter regulations. Furthermore, the distribution patterns and composition profiles of these contaminants were also discussed. The average concentrations of the three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in rice hulls have markedly decreased during the period of 2005-2009. Specifically, from 12.9 (average value in 2005) to 0.37 pg WHO-TEQ/g (dry weight, dw) (in 2009) for PCDD/Fs, 47.6 (2005) to 7.10 ng g⁻¹ dw (2009) for PCBs, and 2.51 (2005) to 0.89 ng g⁻¹, dw (2009) for PBDEs. The significant decrease of combustion markers 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8HxCDF and PCB126, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio from 1:9 (2005) to 7:3 (2009) is likely a result of stricter regulations on open combustion activities. This study suggests that stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations and more environmental friendly techniques could be effective measures in reducing the release and formation of related POPs in typical e-waste dismantling sites, and these measures could further improve the quality of the environment and health of the local inhabitants.