组配改良剂联合硅肥对Cd污染稻田的修复效果

选取湖南省浏阳市某Cd污染稻田进行田间试验,研究组配改良剂石灰石+海泡石（LS）、基施硅肥及叶面喷施硅肥对Cd污染稻田修复效果,结果表明：（1）基施硅肥90kg/hm²和叶面喷施硅肥（0.2,0.4g/L）对土壤pH值无明显影响,添加LS（2250,4500kg/hm²）的各处理均显著提高土壤pH值（P < 0.05）.（2）基施硅肥90kg/hm²分别降低土壤交换态、毒性特征浸出（TCLP）提取态Cd含量20.0%和18.5%,叶面喷施硅肥对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响,添加LS的各处理（2250,4500kg/hm²）分别使土壤交换态、TCLP提取态Cd含量降低25.8%~49.9%、26.4%~44.5%.（3）3种单一技术措施均能明显降低水稻各部位Cd含量,但降低糙米中Cd含量的效果低于3种技术措施的组合处理;“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”各处理（JL1F1、JL1F2、JL2F1、JL2F2）使水稻糙米中Cd含量降低25.6%~70.5%.（4）“组配改良剂LS+基施硅肥+叶面喷施硅肥”的组合技术处理能显著降低土壤中Cd的有效性,显著降低水稻各部位中Cd含量,其中JL2F2处理效果最佳,能使对照糙米Cd含量从0.66mg/kg降低到0.19mg/kg,实现中重度Cd污染稻田的水稻安全生产.     

联合改良剂对桉树吸收重金属的作用——以矿区土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu为例

通过5种矿区土壤的盆栽试验,研究了联合改良剂对桉树部分生理指标、根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量、以及土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu的BCR提取形态的影响,探讨了其对矿区土壤还林的作用.结果表明,与对照相比,施用改良剂后桉树的生物量和叶绿素含量的增幅分别为-7.6%~158.8%和-0.7%~23.1%,丙二醛含量的降幅为2.6%~37.9%,其中部分处理的生物量和丙二醛含量的变化达到显著水平（P<0.05）;土壤中有效态Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降12.5%~63.8%、1.6%~54.7%和16.2%~57.6%,桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降3.1%~56.6%、-1.5%~21.3%和9.3%~50.1%.土壤对桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量有显著影响（P<0.05）,改良剂的配比或施用量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但在5种矿区土壤中G3降低桉树根中Cu含量的效果优于G1和G2;在重金属含量最高的2种土壤中,G1降低桉树根中Cd和Zn含量的效果优于G2和G3.研究表明施用联合改良剂能降低桉树对重金属的吸收,有利于矿区土壤的还林.     

西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs来源及风险分析

文教区土壤环境质量直接影响学生以及职工的身体健康。本研究应用高效液相色谱仪对采集的西安市文教区表层土壤样品中的16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行含量检测,分析其组分特征、来源及健康风险。结果表明,西安市文教区表层土壤中∑PAHs含量为0.290~4.147μg/g,平均值为1.515μg/g,7种致癌多环芳烃的含量为0.079~2.093μg/g,均值为0.593μg/g,土壤PAHs污染较为严重。其中4环的高环PAHs为土壤PAHs污染的主要物质,平均占∑PAHs含量的40.72%。源解析结果表明西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃烧、煤及生物质等的不完全燃烧。终生癌症风险评价表明西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs污染对其生活在周围的人群产生的终生致癌风险性较小,但71.4%的样点达到严重污染水平,产生的间接影响应引起足够重视。     

The Chemistry of Soils, Rocks and Plant Bioindicators in Three Ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland

In June of 2000, biogeochemical study was carried out in three ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). This paper presents element concentrations and stable sulfur (and in one site lead) isotope ratios in rocks, detailed soil profiles, and plant bioindicators including epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl., mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. S. Str., Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common birch (Betula pendula Roth.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.). Chemical analyses were performed with ICP-AES and AAS methods in the accredited laboratory (Central Chemical Laboratory of the Polish Geological Institute in Warsaw). The principal objective of this study was to compare the chemical composition of rocks, soils and selected plant bioindicators between investigation sites using the same methods of sample collection, preparation and analyses. The results of this study have shown that there is a high variability in concentrations of elements in plant bioindicators from the same sites that can not be explained only by soil properties or anthropogenic influence. This conclusion indicates that for biomonitoring purposes (especially with vascular plants) we cannot neglect individual features of the species examined.     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

The distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated sandy loam ultisols of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied to aid in understanding the effect of hydrocarbons on indigenous microbial population in tropical soils. The average total counts of actinomycetes in all the oil samples analysed was 103 cfu/g. Higher counts of actinomycetes were observed during the dry season than during the wet season. The counts of hydrocarbonoclastic actinomycetes correlated positively with the total count of actinomycetes.The actinomycetes were generally restricted to the top soil(0-10 cm soil depth) although a seemingly deeper(down to 40 cm soil depth) distribution was noticed in the dry season. The isolates included oil degrading species of Actinoplanes, Norcadia,Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. Their high oil utilization ability indicates their positive potential and role in the bioremediation of oil-spilled soils.     

中国污染场地管理面临的问题及对策

概述了欧美国家污染场地管理现状,分析了中国污染场地管理面临的突出问题:中国在污染土壤管理的法律法规和标准、污染土壤的修复技术、污染土壤治理投入等方面同欧美国家有一定的差距.结合污染场地管理和场地风险评估、场地修复条件以及土地利用功能,提出了基于风险评估基础上污染场地管理程序和污染场地管理亟待开展的工作.指出了土壤环境标准体系,污染场地管理体系和污染场地修复技术体系的三元结构的完善是破解中国污染场地管理和修复的难题的根本.     

大庆油田落地原油对土壤污染的研究

大庆油田是中国最重要的原油生产基地,开发建设50多年来,已累计生产原油18.2亿吨.不可避免地在油田生产过程中产生大量的落地原油,对土壤造成了严重的污染.落地原油在土壤中的迁移主要有横向迁移和纵向迁移:横向迁移对土壤的污染成辐射状分布,污染强度随污染源的距离增加而迅速降低,污染源周围污染最重的区域在0 m～40 m范围内,占总量90%以上,横向迁移范围确定在150 m以内;落地原油纵向迁移绝大部分集中在距土壤表面0 cm～10 cm范围内,竖向迁移一般不超过70 cm.落地原油污染土壤中主要污染物包括总烃、芳烃、酚、苯并[a]芘和硫化物,通过落地原油污染土壤的模拟实验可知总烃、芳烃、苯并[a]芘和硫化物含量,随原油浓度增加而明显增加,呈明显正相关性;其一元线性回归方程分别为Y=0.470X-17.88、Y=0.119X-6.13、Y=0.0076X-0.30、Y=0.000055X 0.089.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.