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1.
Critical loads offer a unique way of evaluating impacts of acid deposition by quantifying environmental sensitivity. The critical loads of acidity for UK peat soils have been based upon an arbitrary reduction in pH of 0.2 units. This chemical shift needs to be better related to adverse effects on sensitive biological receptors. It is known that effective precipitation pH equates closely to soil solution pH, and the latter is directly linkable to biotic effects of pH change. On continuation of a long-term experiment assessing impacts of simulated acid rain on peat microcosms in a realistic outdoor environment, Calluna vulgaris continued to flourish at acid deposition loads well above the existing critical load. Calluna plants were harvested and analysed, and acid deposition treatments to the microcosms continued to allow natural vegetation to regenerate. A diverse mixture of moorland plants and bryophytes established at acidity treatments well above the existing critical load, and only a very high acid load resulted in no natural regeneration. A critical effective rain pH value of 3.6 is suggested as a basis for setting critical loads. At this pH, Calluna grows well, and a healthy diverse vegetation community re-establishes when harvested. It is suggested that the peat critical load should be set at the acid load that, at any specific site, would result in a mean effective precipitation pH of 3.6. 相似文献
2.
Experimental evidence of a testosterone-induced shift from paternal to mating behaviour in a facultatively polygynous songbird 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Previous studies have suggested that testosterone (T) profiles of male birds reflect a trade-off between mate attraction behaviours
(requiring high T levels) and parental care activities (requiring low T levels). In this study, we experimentally elevated
T levels of monogamous males in the facultatively polygynous European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and compared mate attraction and paternal behaviour of T-treated males with those of controls (C-males). T-males significantly
reduced their participation in incubation and fed nestlings significantly less often than C-males. Females paired to T-treated
males did not compensate for their mate’s lower paternal effort. The observed reduction in a male’s investment in incubating
the eggs was accompanied by an increased investment in typical female-attracting behaviours: T-males spent a significantly
higher proportion of their time singing to attract additional females. They also occupied more additional nestboxes than C-males,
although the differences just failed to be significant, and carried significantly more green nesting materials into an additional
nestbox (a behaviour previously shown to serve a courtship function). T-males also behaved significantly more aggressively
than C-males. During the nestling period, the frequency of mate-attracting behaviours by T-treated and control males no longer
differed significantly. Despite the reduced paternal effort by T-males and the lack of compensation behaviour by females,
hatching and breeding success did not differ significantly between T- and C-pairs.
Received: 7 February 2000 / Revised: 10 August 2000 / Accepted: 3 September 2000 相似文献
3.
采用共沉淀法制备得到磁性材料壳聚糖@柠檬酸改性Fe3O4(CTS@Fe3O4-COOH),通过单因素与正交试验考察了不同条件下其对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的采收效率.结合XRD、FT-IR和VSM等材料的结构性质表征、表面Zeta电位及Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理论分析,探讨CTS@Fe3O4-COOH对小球藻的絮凝采收机理.结果表明,CTS@Fe3O4-COOH对小球藻具有高效采收效率,与未改性相比采收效率提高约30%.单因素试验表明材料投加量与pH值对小球藻采收效率的影响较大;正交试验表明当CTS@Fe3O4-COOH投加量为4.5g/L时,在pH 4的条件下,经500r/min快搅3min后再70r/min慢搅5min,对小球藻的采收效率高达98.35%.DLVO等理论分析表明,CTS@Fe3O4-COOH对小球藻的采收机理为电荷中和、静电修补、吸附架桥与整体絮凝联合作用.本文结果为CTS@Fe3O4-COOH采收固定烟气能源微藻的实际应用提供数据支持. 相似文献
4.
以过滤的富营养化的鱼塘废水为培养液,添加外源的碳、氮、磷元素,考察污水中不同的外源无机碳浓度、总氮浓度、总磷浓度对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的生长、油脂含量和烃类含量的影响。在25℃、光照强度为4 500 Lux、光暗比为12L:12D的条件下培养10 d。单因子方差分析和多重比较结果表明:(1)以Na2CO3做碳源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在外源无机碳浓度为6 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在外源无机碳浓度为12 mg/L最高。(2)以KNO3做氮源,小球藻生物量在总氮浓度为25 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总氮浓度为15 mg/L时最高,烃含量在总氮浓度为20 mg/L时最高。(3)以KH2PO4做磷源,小球藻生物量和烃类含量在总磷浓度为2 mg/L时最高,油脂含量在总磷浓度为1.5 mg/L时最高。 相似文献
5.
考察了3种碳源(葡萄糖、NaHCO3和乙酸钠)在不同初始质量浓度和光照条件下对小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)生长和产油脂的影响。采用OD680和生物量来评价小球藻的生长情况;以溶剂浸提法提取生物油脂,并以油脂质量分数和油脂产量来描述产油脂特性。结果表明,经过9 d的培养,3种碳源中葡萄糖是最佳有机碳源。由其培养的小球藻生长速率最快,由NaHCO3培养的小球藻的生长效果不如葡萄糖,而乙酸钠不利于小球藻的生长。随着光照的增强,小球藻光合效率提高,生物量逐渐提高,5 000 lx最利于小球藻的生长,而1 600 lx最利于小球藻油脂的积累。研究表明,光照5 000 lx下,初始质量浓度为15 g/L的葡萄糖作为碳源是小球藻适宜的生长和产油条件,获得了3.17 g/L的最大生物量和1.025 g/L的最大油脂产量。 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)与多环芳烃荧蒽(Flu)的联合毒性及其作用机制.结果表明,当CTAC初始浓度固定为100μg/L时,随Flu浓度的升高(0~100.84μg/L), CTAC与Flu的联合毒性由协同效应(0~22.50μg/L)转为拮抗效应(22.50~100.84μg/L).当Flu浓度为1.13μg/L时,协同效应达到最大(RI=2.01),与对照组相比,生物量抑制率从37.5%增加至80.9%;对氮和铁单位吸收量分别从0.27mg和9.18μg降至0.09mg和2.14μg;藻细胞Zeta电位从-10.0mV提高至-8.3mV;叶绿素a和可溶性蛋白质含量分别从5.00mg/L和80.65μg/mg降为2.57mg/L和50.36μg/mg.根据实验结果分析, CTAC与Flu复合污染体系提高了藻细胞Zeta电位,抑制了小球藻对氮和铁的吸收,降低了藻细胞体内叶绿素和蛋白质的含量. 相似文献
9.
Sean M. Richards Todd A. Anderson Michael J. Hooper Scott T. McMurry Steven B. Wall Hiroshi Awata 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3-4):215-234
European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) nestlings were used as a surrogate to study the effect of chlorpyrifos application to a corn agroecosystem on songbird reproduction. Chlorpyrifos was applied in a T‐band at 1.3 kg AI/ha, and residues were measured in soil, earthworms, ground‐dwelling insects, and diet items collected from the crop of starling nestlings. Chlorpyrifos levels in soil peaked at 34.2 μg/g, 4 days post‐application, and dissipated to trace levels by 64 days post‐application. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos in earthworms and ground‐dwelling insects reached 0.9 and 0.7 ug/g, respectively. Starling nestling diet items included invertebrates from eight orders with chlorpyrifos concentrations ranging from trace levels to 10.6 μg/g in earthworms. Nestling brain and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity and body mass measurements were taken at 3, 8, and 13 days post‐hatch (DPH). Adult starling fecundity was also measured. Body mass differences between treatment and reference site nestlings at 3 and 13 DPH were not significant at α = 0.05. However, 8 DPH nestlings from the Treatment Site had a transient reduction in weight (p = 0.03) when compared with 8 DPH reference nestlings. There were no significant differences in brain or plasma ChE activities of 3, 8, or 13 DPH nestlings. Further, multiple measures of fecundity (i.e., clutch size, hatching percentage, and fledging percentage) indicated that chlorpyrifos application did not affect starling nestling survival to fledging, as the values from the Treatment and Reference Site were nearly identical. This screening‐level study suggests that although one age group of starling nestlings from the Treatment Site weighed less than their Reference Site counterparts, a single T‐band application of chlorpyrifos did not impair starling nesting success. 相似文献
10.
固定化与游离态小球藻脱氮除磷对比研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对固定化与游离态小球藻脱氮、除磷进行对比研究,结果表明固定化藻在2d内对NH4^+-N和PO^3-4-P的净化效率比悬浮态藻分别高23.14%和35.19%。固定化后初期会对藻细胞的生长产生影响,使得固定化藻的数量增长慢于悬浮态藻的生长,但在较短时间(24a左右)内细胞的活性即可恢复,并保持持续生长,这说明固定化没有对细胞产生不可恢复的损伤。固定化藻技术不仅保留了悬浮态藻的优点,而且使得藻对氮、磷的去除率有较大提高,对藻细胞起到了保护作用,延长藻细胞的生长期,有利于细胞更多地吸收氮、磷。 相似文献