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1.
The effects of turbulence intensity (velocity gradient, G (s−1)), Henry's law constant (H), and molecular weight (M) on the volatilization rates of organic compounds are examined using changes in the mass transfer coefficients (KOL (cm/min)) under specific liquid-mixing intensities. The selected compounds were divided into three groups according to their H values (mole in gas/mole in liquid, dimensionless), which ranged from 102 to 10−5. The relationship of the KOL relative to G, H and M was obtained via multiple regression. The obtained values of these parameters indicate that the primary factor affecting the KOL values of the high H compounds is their M values. The effects of the H values on the KOL values of the high H compounds can be neglected. On the other hand, the H value is the major factor determining the KOL values of the low H compounds. The changes in the KOL values of the different H compounds exhibit different profiles as the liquid-mixing intensity increases. The M and H values of middle H compounds possibly affect their KOL values. The effects of the liquid-mixing intensity on the KOL values of the organic compounds increase with increasing H values. The variation in the KOL values might be a result of the concentration of the organic compounds at the interface between the liquid and gas films. The empirical relationship between KOL and some selected parameters, G, H and M, is examined in this study. The obtained results can help to estimate volatilization loss of organic solutes in wastewater treatment facilities. 相似文献
2.
Correlating turbulent burning velocity to turbulence intensity and basic flame parameters-like laminar burning velocity for dust air mixtures is not only a scientific challenge but also of practical importance for the modelling of dust flame propagation in industrial facilities and choice of adequate safety strategy. The open tube method has been implemented to measure laminar and turbulent burning velocities at laboratory scale for turbulence intensities in the range of a few m/s. Special care has been given to the experimental technique so that a direct access to the desired parameters was possible minimising interpretation difficulties. In particular, the flame is propagating freely, the flame velocity is directly accessible by visualisation and the turbulence intensity is measured at the flame front during flame propagation with special aerodynamic probes. In the present paper, those achievements are briefly recalled. In addition, a complete set of experiments for diametrically opposed dusts, starch and aluminium, has been performed and is presented hereafter. The experimental data, measured for potato dust air mixtures seem to be in accordance with the Bray Gülder model in the range of 1.5 m/s<u′<3.5 m/s. For a further confirmation, the measurement range has been extended to lower levels of turbulence of u′<1.5 m/s. This could be achieved by changing the mode of preparation of the dust air mixture. In former tests, the particles have been injected into the tube from a pressurised dust reservoir; for the lower turbulence range, the particles have been inserted into the tube from above by means of a sieve–riddler system, and the turbulence generated from the pressurised gas reservoir as before. For higher levels of turbulence, aluminium air mixtures have been investigated using the particle injection mode with pressurised dust reservoir. Due to high burning rates much higher flame speeds than for potato dusts of up to 23 m/s have been obtained. 相似文献
3.
We have conducted numerical simulations of dust dispersion within the NIOSH Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber. The apparatus consists of a low-speed background ventilation flow down a long box in which is placed a tray containing a rock dust powder. A nozzle upstream of the tray introduces a short pulse of a turbulent horizontal jet flow just above the powder surface. We have utilized an incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes k-ω model for the turbulent flow; particles are incorporated within a one-way Euler-Lagrangian formalism. The Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber ventilation flow exhibits a recirculation zone just above the powder-containing tray. Aerosolization proceeds via the interplay of the jet pulse flow with the background recirculation flow. The air flow is not well-mixed. The aerosolized dust is convected as a concentration cloud downstream towards the detection zone. For larger particles, gravitational settling depletes the convected cloud, so the instrument behaves as a horizontal elutriator. The instrument is robust with respect to misalignment of the jet nozzle. However, reduced streamwise drift velocity allows mixing to disperse the optically detected dust cloud concentration pulse. Our large particle simulation results compare favorably with published experimental results for large, polydisperse calcium carbonate rock dust. 相似文献
4.
Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption,
along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection-diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar
quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. We present a general solution of a two-dimension steady state
advection-diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the General Integral Laplace Transform Technique.
We show some examples of applications of the new solution with different vertical diffusion parameterisations. 相似文献
5.
6.
Two-phase flow insights into open-channel flows with suspended particles of different densities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The effect of particle density on the turbulent open-channel flow carrying dilute particle suspensions is investigated using
two specific gravities and three concentrations of solid particles. The particles, identical in size and similar in shape,
were natural sand and a neutrally buoyant plastic. The particles were fully suspended, and formed no particle streaks on the
channel’s bed. Accordingly, the changes in the flow are attributed to the interactions between suspended particles and flow
turbulence structures. Measurements were obtained by means of image velocimetry enabling simultaneous, but distinct, measurement
of liquid and particle velocities. The experimental results show that, irrespective of particle specific gravity, particle
suspension influences bulk velocity of flow and the Kármán coefficient, while friction velocity essentially remains constant.
The results also show that particles in suspension modify local water turbulence over the flow depth, but in ways not accurately
predicted using the customary parameters for characterizing turbulence modification. 相似文献
7.
Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics
of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always
treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first
starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal
shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of
the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the
Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy).
In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of
the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity
components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water
surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence
intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were
compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity
profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around
the separated boundary layer. 相似文献
8.
We review the fundamentals of a new numerical modeling technique called Renormalized Numerical Simulation (RNS). The goal
of RNS is to model the drag force produced by high Reynolds-number turbulent flow over objects that display scale-invariant
properties, objects such as tree-like fractals. The hallmark of RNS in this application is that the drag of the unresolved
tree branches is modeled using drag coefficients measured from the resolved branches and unresolved branches (as modeled in
previous iterations of the procedure). In the present paper, RNS is used to study the effects of branch orientation on the
drag force generated by highly idealized trees in which trunk and branches have square cross-section, and the branches all
lie in a plane perpendicular to the incoming flow. Then, the procedure is generalized to the more general case of non-planar
branch arrangements. Results illustrate that RNS may enable numerical modeling of environmental flow processes associated
with fractal geometries using affordable computational resolution. 相似文献
9.
P. A. Findlater W. D. Scott S. E. Greenhill J. M. Hopwood 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2005,4(4):367-383
A method is developed to estimate the stress at the surface in a portable wind tunnel for wind erosion studies. The boundary layer height and the pressure gradient are used in a simple expression from the Kármán Integral Momentum Equation. Values of friction velocity u
* are within 10% of experimental values obtained through correlation techniques, including measurements of differential pressures with the Murdoch Turbulence Probe MTP and the X-wire, hot-wire anemometer XWA. Wind velocity and stress profiles reveal logarithmic trends and a constant stress layer near the surface in the DAWA portable wind tunnel. Realignment of the statistics with the mean wind is essential. 相似文献
10.
The turbulent standard deviations and the turbulent third-order and fourth-order moments are the key turbulence dispersion parameters in Lagrangian dispersion models. However, the characteristics of these parameters under heavy haze conditions in urban areas have not been fully investigated, and the commonly used similarity relations of these parameters in models were based on observations in highly flat and sparsely populated areas. In this paper, the vertical profiles of these parameters and their local similarity relations under heavy haze conditions in the wintertime of Beijing have been analyzed by using data collected at a 325-m meteorological tower. The heavy haze process has been divided into three stages: transport stage (TS), cumulative stage (CS), and dispersion stage (DS). Results show that the turbulent dispersion parameters behave differently during three stages. In the TS and DS, the maxima appear in the profiles of the turbulent standard deviations above the urban canopy; in the CS, the turbulent standard deviation are almost constant with height. The analysis of the third and fourth order moments shows that the wind velocities above the urban canopy in the TS deviate from the Gaussian distribution more significantly than those in the CS and DS. The local similarity relations of the turbulent dispersion parameters in the TS, especially for the longitudinal wind components, are normally different from those in the CS and DS. Thus, different from the common assumptions in Lagrangian models, the turbulence dispersion in horizontal directions is anisotropic and should be parameterized by multiple similarity relations under heavy haze conditions. 相似文献