Ecology of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus in Western Siberian Populations of the Gypsy Moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lymantria dispar</Emphasis> L.)

The impact of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus on the population dynamics of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L. has been studied. The results have shown that polyhedrosis morbidity in the western Siberian population of the insect is relatively low, compared to that reported for North American and European populations. A possible cause of this situation is found in the high migration activity of moths in the Asian L. dispar populations, which allows the virus load on the biotope to remain relatively stable and insufficient for the initiation of mass viral diseases during population outbreaks.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 222–226.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ilinykh.     

New hydroepidemiological models of indicator organisms and zoonotic pathogens in agricultural watersheds

Simple analytical models are derived to assess how a series of cattle animal farms affect the transport and fate of an indicator organism (Escherichia coli) and a zoonotic pathogen (Campylobacter) in a stream. Separate steady-state mass-balance models are developed and solved for the ultimate minimum and maximum concentrations for the two organisms. The E. coli model assumes that the organism is ubiquitous and abundant in the animals’ digestive tracts. In contrast, a simple dose-response model is employed to relate the Campylobacter prevalence to drinking water drawn from the stream. Because faecal indicators are commonly employed to assess the efficacy of best management practice (BMP) interventions, we also employ the models to assess how BMPs impact pathogen levels. The model provides predictions of (a) the relative removal efficacy for Campylobacter and (b) the prevalence of Campylobacter infection among farm animals after implementation of BMPs. Dimensionless numbers and simple graphs are developed to assess how prevalence is influenced by a number of factors including animal density and farm spacing. A significant outcome of this model development is that the numerous dimensional input and parameter variables are reduced to a group of just four dimensionless Campylobacter-related quantities, characterizing: animal density; in-stream attenuation; animal-to-animal transmission; and infection recovery. Calculations reveal that for some constellations of these four quantities there can be a greater-than-expected benefit in that the proportional reduction of stream Campylobacter concentrations post-BMP can substantially exceed the proportional reduction of concentrations of E. coli in that stream. In addition, a criterion for system sterility (i.e., the conditions required for the farm infection rate to decrease with downstream distance) is derived.     

肺炎疫情期间医护人员心理危机干预效果分析

为提升医护人员心理健康水平,该文对肺炎疫情期间医护人员实施心理危机干预并分析其效果,以参与2020年1月25日-2月25日湖北省武汉市新冠肺炎疫情期间救治工作的300名医护人员作为研究对象,平均划分为实验组和对照组,其中针对实验组实施统一的心理危机干预训练,此期间对照组未参与训练但日常生活与实验组统一,选取四种量表分别对干预前后的两组实施测评。测评结果表明,干预后实验组的SCL-90各因子得分、SDS得分及SAS得分较干预前均下降明显,且下降幅度超过对照组;实验组干预后的GQOLI总得分与各维度得分均较干预前显著升高,且升高幅度高于对照组。综上,心理危机干预可显著提升医护人员的心理健康水平,缓解其心理紧张等症状,能够在一定程度上降低肺炎疫情期间医护人员的心理危机感。     

Enteric Viruses in a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in Finland

In Nokia city about 450,000 l of treated sewage water was for 2 days allowed to run into the drinking water supplies of the city due to a personal error of one employee. Within the next 5 weeks about 1,000 people sought care at the municipal health centre or regional hospital because of gastroenteritis. Here we report the results of viral analyses performed by gene amplification assays from the earliest water and sewage samples as well as from close to 300 patient samples. The contaminating treated sewage was shown to harbour several enteric viruses known to cause acute gastroenteritis. Likewise, the drinking water sample was positive for noro-, astro-, rota-, entero- and adenoviruses. Noroviruses were also found in 29.8% of stool samples from affected patients, while astro-, adeno-, rota- and enteroviruses were detected in 19.7, 18.2, 7.5 and 3.7% of the specimens, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

乌梁素海近年黄藻暴发情况、成因及危害性分析

内蒙古乌梁素海已成为我国寒旱区富营养化最为严重的湖泊,本文通过2007-2010年黄藻暴发事件,在大量实测数据和调查数据基础上,对乌梁素海的污染源进行分析。结果表明：污染源主要来自3个方面,分别是农田排水、工业废水和生活污染。本文为乌梁素海源头治理提供了一定的参考依据。     

Exploring the use of satellite images in the estimation of potential malaria outbreak regions

Malaria outbreaks affect nearly 40 per cent of the earth's population, most of whom live in tropical and subtropical zones. Malaria is an infectious disease that is transferred by the female mosquito of the species Anopheles. The life cycle of the malaria parasite develops in the anopheline and in the human body. These parasites require suitable environmental conditions in order to complete their development cycles within the mosquito. The relevant parameters are temperature, humidity, vegetation and water. A temperature range of 25–35°C and relative humidity range of 50–80 per cent is suitable for developing malaria outbreaks. As the fly-range of the mosquito is limited to 2–4 km, and since water pools are necessary for breeding, the vector abundance is significantly higher around water bodies. Vegetation cover also has an indirect role on malaria vector abundance. To seek to locate the regions with high potential for malaria outbreaks, we have constructed an experimental map of above-mentioned parameters via remote sensing images. A 7ETM⁺ image of Landsat platform is used in this study and maps of parameters such as land surface temperature, air temperature, air humidity, water pools and vegetated area were produced. However, a weighted combination of these layers showed some poor agreement with the distribution of positive malaria cases collected in the health centres in the region. The methodology first developed in this study is fast and accurate enough to be relied on for forecasting purposes, and could eventually lead—after further research and proper correlations—to improving the targeting of mitigation and relief operations by local health and related organizations.     

黑龙江五大连池火山群现代火山构造及其形成机制

作者根据野外填图获得的大量第一手资料，对老黑山、火烧山的锥体结构、熔岩构造、火山碎屑物的分布特征及其形成机理等提出了新的认识．确定老黑山是复合锥．火烧山是套迭锥．火山通道受北东向断裂控制，断裂（通道）倾向北西．因此火山碎屑物呈椭园形分布于火山锥的东南侧，这一结论否定了火山碎屑物的分布是受风力影响的说法。火山以间歇喷发与喷溢为特点，形成了三层碎屑物和十七个流动单元的熔岩，覆盖面积约70km~2．恢复后的火山喷发过程，可划分为六个阶段，分析了火山的喷发机制．推测五大连地火山群似有再喷发的危险，应加强观测与研究。     

河南省春节和疫情影响情景下PM2.5组分特征

2020年1月我国爆发了新型冠状病毒疫情,期间我国各地区大气污染源排放特征发生了显著改变.为研究该情景下PM_2.5组分特征,本研究于2020年1月1日~2月13日利用在线观测仪器对郑州、安阳和新乡市进行连续观测.根据春节假期和疫情爆发,将研究时期分为春节前（1月1~23日）、春节疫情期（1月24~31日）和节后疫情期（2月1~13日）.受疫情和有利的气象条件影响,节后疫情期间郑州、安阳和新乡市除O₃外其它污染物浓度较春节前均明显下降,其中NO₂和PM_2.5的降幅分别为65%、52%、72%和51%、55%、54%,但是污染物浓度仍较高,表明未来河南省冬季大气污染的较大幅度改善面临巨大挑战.从颗粒物组分来看,二次无机盐和有机物是观测期间PM_2.5的主要组分.春节疫情期3个城市受烟花爆竹的影响较小,并且硝酸根和扬尘的贡献相比春节前轻微下降.节后疫情期间郑州、安阳和新乡市PM_2.5中硝酸根浓度和占比显著下降,占比降幅为10.6%、4.1%和4%;硫酸根和有机物的占比上升,其中二次有机碳的贡献增大.以郑州市为例分析硝酸盐生成,相比春节前,节后疫情期间不同污染时段硝酸根的占比均下降,但硝酸根仍是污染时段PM_2.5中占比最高的组分.日变化特征表明节后疫情期间大气中O₃浓度和湿度的增高可能促进了NO₂的转化,因此下一步应采取PM_2.5和O₃的协同管控,重视NO₂和VOCs的协同减排.     

林业生物灾害预警的内涵

林业生物灾害预警是我国林业有害生物预防体系的主要内容,但一直以来对林业生物灾害这一概念没有一个统一的定义,处于“各自表述”的状态.在参考国内外林业生物灾害预警研究的基础上,对一些相关概念做了厘清,提出了一个林业生物灾害预警系统的框架.该系统由4部分构成:分析潜在威胁、检定真实威胁、警情发布和响应威胁.通过有害生物风险分析和发生预测来判断潜在的威胁;通过威胁勘察、监测和检疫措施来检定真实的威胁;然后评估威胁大小.提出了一个度量威胁大小的指标——发生指数,它既考虑了有害生物的种群密度(或病情指数),又考虑了发生面积.发生指数可在当年有害生物发生结束后根据实际发生情况计算,但在预警时必须根据预警指标(立地指数、林分指数、气象指数等)来推算.根据推算的发生指数,将警情分级,向经营者和公众发布警报.同时,相关部门根据相应的预案进行威胁响应.对预案执行情况应进行评估,必要时进行预案修订.     

我国稻螟暴发成灾的原因、趋势及对策

1997年以来，我国二化螟和三化螟连年暴发成灾。究其主要外因，是由于气温升高，耕作制度改变，品种优化杂交化和推广高产轻型栽培措施以及人工防治水平下降等。导致防治水平的根本原因是分散经营，且规模过小。这些问题一时不大可能得到解决，因此预测未来10年左右我国稻螟将继续暴发成灾。减灾控害的对策主要包括体系和任务两个方面。体系由社会组织和技术组成。政府应进一步发挥组织职能；技术包括虫情测报、经济评价和减灾手段。性信息素在测报和防治中的作用值得注意。各级政府的任务是，国家重在制定政策，省、市重在提供资金，县级组织统一行动，乡、村落实人员。作者强调了扩大种稻经营规模对减灾控害的重要作用。